LIBRARY OF CONGRESS. 

®ipa$.'r- / Z- (i^tt^t 1 * 

Shelf idii 

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. 



I N SECTS. 



INJURIOUS AND BENEFICIAL, 



THEIR 



NATURAL HISTORY AND CLASSIFICATION 



FOR THE USE OF 

FRUIT GROWERS, VINE GROWERS, FARMERS, 
GARDENERS AND SCHOOLS. 

BY MATTHEW COOKE, 

Late Chief Executive Horticultural Officer of California. 




SACRAMENTO: 

H. S. CROCKER & CO., PRINTERS AND STATIONERS. 

1 883. 








Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1883, 

BY MATTHEW COOKE, 

In the Office of the Librarian of Congress, at Washington. 



PREFACE. 



This book is intended as an introduction to the study of 
Entomology. Up to the present time but little attention has 
been given to the study of the natural history of insects, es- 
pecially by those who cultivate the soil ; and the chief aim 
of this book is to introduce the subject in as plain language 
and as concise a form as possible, acquainting the student with 
the four states or stages of insect life, the transformations of 
insects, and the division or classification of insects into Orders 
and Families. 

The plan of fully illustrating the work is adopted, thus 
introducing object-teaching to some extent, in order to aid the 
student in classifying the more common insects into Orders 
and Families. 

As a rule which has but few exceptions, all the insects which 
belong to the same Family have similar habits ; so that, by 
knowing to what Family any insect belongs, we know whether 
to regard it as an injurious or a beneficial insect, according to 
the habits of the other insects which belong to the same Family. 

The information given as to their transformations is equally 
applicable to injurious, innoxious, and beneficial insects ; 
but the illustrations chiefly represent those insects which are 
either injurious or beneficial, so as to give the student an idea 
of the appearance of members of the more prominent Fami- 
lies of insects which most interest the cultivators of the soil. 



IV PREFACE. 

In the preparation of this book, I have kept in view the 
utility of such knowledge to the future husbandmen ; and 
with the expectation that the study of Economic Entomology, 
will, from necessity, be taught in the near future in the Public 
Schools, this book has been prepared with especial reference 
to being used as an introductory text-book, to prepare the 
student for the study of more advanced works. 

To enable the teacher to teach this branch] of natural history 
without previous preparations, a key to this book has been 
prepared and published in a separate volume. 

The scientific, or technical names of the various insects 
referred to in this work are not usually given in the text, but 
will be found in the index, attached to the common names of 
these insects. 

In the preparation of this book, I have freely consulted the 
works of Professors C.V. Riley, Cyrus Thomas, G. H. French 
and J. H. Comstock ; also those of Doctors W. Le Baron, A. 
S. Packard, J. L. Leconte and H. A. Hagen ; and I take great 
pleasure in acknowledging my indebtedness for the informa- 
tion I have received from their writings. 

In the arrangements of the Orders I have followed that 
given by Dr. A. S. Packard, in his " Guide to the Study of 
Insects." 

The Families of the Orders Lepidoptera, Orthoptera, and 
Nueroptera are given in full,* while only the most prominent 
Families of the other Orders are given. 

Many of the illustrations are taken from my work, " Injuri- 
ous Insects of the Orchard, Vineyard," etc. ; others have been 

* This refers only to those insects which are found in the United States of America. 



PREFACE. V 

added chiefly from Professor C. V. Riley ; twelve were copied 
from Packard's " Guide to the Study of Insects ;" several from 
the Smithsonian Institution publications, and also from Dr. 
Emmons' New York Reports ; and Nos. 89 and 103 were 
copied from the Illinois Reports. The Pacific Rural Press 
kindly furnished the illustrations of scale insects and their 
parasites. 

In preparing this book I have been ably assisted by D. W. 
Coquillett, Esq., late Assistant State Entomologist, of Illinois, 
in preparing manuscript, reading proofs, etc., which has placed 
me under great obligations to him. 

M. C. 

Sacramento, Cal., November 1, 1883. 



CONTENTS 



PAGE. 

Introduction 1 

The Egg State 5 

The Larva State 9 

The Pupa State 15 

The Transformations of Insects 17 

The Imago State 23 

The Internal Anatomy of Insects 34 

The Seven Orders of Insects 36 

Classification of Insects into Orders 36 

Classification of Larvae 48 

Classification of Insects 50 

Classification of Insects into Families 54 

Order I. HYMEXOPTERA, (Bees, Wasp*, etc.) 54 

Order II. LEPIDOPTERA, {Butterflies and Moths) 60 

Order III. DIPTERA, ( Two-winged Flies) 76 

Order IV. COLEOPTERA, (Beetles) 80 

Order V. HEMIPTERA, ( True Bugs) 100. 105 

Sub-order I. Homoptera, ( Similar-winged Bugs) 100 

Sub-order II. Heteroptera, (Dissimilar-winged Bugs) . 105 

Order VI. ORTHOPTERA, ( Grasshoppers, Crickets etc.) . 108 

Order VII. NEUROPTERA,(Dra0<m Flies, May Flies, etc.) Ill 

Scale Insects 114 

Beneficial Insects . . . .• 125 

Collecting and Preserving Insects 130 

Glossary 137 

Index 147 



NATURAL HISTORY OF INSECTS. 



CHAPTER I. 

Introduction. 

Entomology is that part of Natural History which treats of 
insects. The term insect is derived from the latin word in- 
sectum, which signifies cut into, or notched, and it was applied 
to these animals on account of their notched or indented ap- 
pearance (Fig. 1) ; they belong to the second division of the 
Animal Kingdom, called Articulata. 

The vast Realm of Nature is divided into three Kingdoms, 
the Animal, the Vegetable, and the Mineral ; to the first belong 
all animated beings, such as Beasts, Birds, Insects, etc. ; to the 
second belong the various kinds of Plants, Mosses, Fungi, etc. ; 
while the different Minerals, Rocks, the Air, Water, etc., belong 
to the third. 



Fig. 1. 




Fig. 2. 



Fig. 3. 




The Animal Kingdom is divided into four Sub-kingdoms, 
which are as follows : 

I. Backboned Animals ( Vertebrata), such as Beasts, Birds, 
Reptiles and Fishes ; these all have an internal skeleton, cov- 
ered with flesh. 

II. Jointed Animals (Articulata ), such as Insects, Spiders, 
Crabs, etc. ; in these the skeleton is external, and is divided 
into several rings, or segments, by transverse depressed circles. 



NATURAL HISTORY OF INSECTS. 



These animals are readily distinguished by their jointed 
appearance, which is easily seen in the Caterpillar (Fig. 2) as 
it moves along. 

III. Soft-bodied Animals (Mollusca), such as Snails, Clams, 
Slugs (Fig. 3), etc. ; these do not have the body divided into 
joints, nor are they furnished with either an internal or external 
skeleton, although they are sometimes inclosed in a hard cov- 
ering or shell. 

IV. Star-fishes (Radiate*,). These have the parts of the 
body radiating from the center, resembling somewhat an 
asterisk (*) ; they are found only in Avater. 

Fig. 4. Fig. 5. 





Insects belong to the second division of the Animal King- 
dom, called Articidata. This division, or Sub-kingdom, com- 
prises five Classes, which differ from each other chiefly by the 
number of legs which they possess in the adult or perfect state. 
These five Classes are as follows : 

I. True Insects (Insecta), which are furnished with six 
legs, as the Goldsmith Beetle (Fig. 4). 

II. Spiders, Mites, Ticks, etc. (Arachnidd), are provided 
with eight legs, as the Red Spider (Fig. 5). 

Fig. ii. Fig. 7. 

2BMI 




"rm/% 




III. Crabs, Lobsters, etc. (Crustacea), have from ten to 
fourteen legs. 

IV. Centipedes, Millipedes, etc. (Myriapoda), have more 
than fourteen legs, as the Julus (Fig. 6). 



INTRODUCTION. 



V. Earthworms, etc. (Annelida), are entirely destitute of 
legs, as the Earthworm (Fig. 7). 

The greater number^of Fig. 8. 

insects have the body di- 
vided into three distinct 
regions (Fig. 8), which 
have received the same 
names as the correspond- 
ing parts in the higher 
animals ; thus, the first 
region, or" part, is called 
the head (A) ; the sec- 
ond part, the thorax 
or chest (B) ; and the 
hindermost division is 
termed the abdomen or 
hind body (C). It is among the true insects alone that winged 
individuals occur, although all insects are not provided with 
these organs. 

The Spiders (Arachnida) usually have the body divided into 
two distinct regions (Fig. 9), the head and thorax being merged 




Fig. 9. 



Fig. 10. 





into one part; the thorax and abdomen are usually connected 
by a slender stem, or petiole. They do not pass through any 
changes or metamorphoses before reaching the adult state. So 
far as at present known, all spiders are predaceous, feeding 



NATURAL HISTORY OF INSECTS. 



upon insects, etc. ; and one South American species, of very- 
large size, is said to catch small birds by creeping up and 
springing upon them, like a cat. 

The Mites and Ticks differ from the Spiders in having the 
three parts of the body closely united, as the Yellow Mite 
(Fig. 10), there being no distinct line of separation between 
the thorax and the abdomen. The young mites are usually 
provided with six legs (Fig. 11). Some kinds feed upon the 
leaves, etc., of various plants ; others feed upon the eggs of 
insects or upon young plant-lice, such as the Phylloxera Mite 
(Fig. 12) ; and still others live parasiticall\ r upon different 
kinds of animals, such as the Sheep-scab Mite (Fig. 13.) 



Fig. 12, 



Fig. 13. 



^&r/ 





The Scorpions belong to the same class as the Spiders, being 
provided with eight legs ; their maxillary palpi (or feelers at- 
tached to the lower jaws), are frequently as long as their legs, 
and terminate in forceps-like claws. They are mostly preda- 
ceous in their habits. 

The Centipedes, Fig. 14. 

Millipedes, etc. (My- 
riapoda), are some- 
times called "Thou- 
sand-legged Worms," 
from the great number 
of legs with which 
their bodies are pro- 
vided (Fig. 14). They 
are readily divisible 

into two groups, according to the number of legs attached to 
each segment of their bodies. Some kinds have only a single 




THE EGG STATE. •) 

pair of legs attached to each segment, while others have two 
pairs. By this character alone we are enabled to separate, at 
a glance, the injurious from the beneficial, since those which 
have only one pair of legs to each segment are predaceous, 
feeding upon Snails and other soft-bodied animals, whereas 
those having two pairs of legs to each segment, feed upon veg- 
etable matter. 

It will thus be seen that true insects belong to the first Class. 
which is known by the name of Insecta. Having learned the 
position which these animals occupy in the vast Realm of 
Nature, a short account will be given in Chapters II, III, IV, 
and VI of the four states or stages through which insects 
pass, namely : First, the egg ; second, the larva or caterpil- 
lar ; third, the pupa, chrysalis or nymph ; fourth, the perfect 
insect or imago. 

Chapter V treats of their transformations (metamorphoses.) 



CHAPTER II. 

The Egg State. 

The greater number of insects, such as Saw-flies (Fig. 15), 
Butterflies (Fig. 16), Moths (Fig. 17). Hessian Flies (Fig. IS), 

Fig. 16. 




Mm 
r n 




Beetles (Fig. 19), True Bugs (Fig. 20), Tree Crickets (Fig. 21 ). 
and Lace-winged Flics (Fig. 22), reproduce their kind bv de- 



NATURAL HISTORY OF INSECTS. 



Fig. 18. 



Fig. 17. 





positing eggs, and are therefore termed "oviparous," (from 
the Latin ovum, an egg, and parere, to produce). 

Fig. 19. Fig. 20. Fig. 21. 




A few kinds of insects bring forth their young alive, such 

as the Flesh-fly (Fig. 23) and Plant-lice (Fig. 24), and are 

therefore called " viviparous," (from the Latin vivus, alive, and 

parere, to produce.) 

Fig. 24. 




Fig. 25. Fig. 26. 



THE EGG STATE. 
Fig. 27. 




Fig. 29. 



The eggs of insects are usually 
of a globular form, such as the 
eggs of some species of Butter- 
flies (Figs. 25' and 26), but some 
are flattened, such as those of 
the Katydids (Fig. 27); while! 
others are elongated, as those of j 
the Tree Crickets (Fig. 28); 
still others, as those of the Tor- 1 
toise Beetles (Fig. 29), are fur- 
nished with spines. 

The surface of some insects' 
eggs are perfectly smooth (Fig. 27); others are 
ribbed (Fig. 25), and still others are covered with 
a net-work of raised lines (Fig. 26). 

Insects deposit their eggs in a great variety of 
situations, but always where the caterpillar or larva 
as soon as hatched, will find an abundance of food wil 
reach. 

Fig. 30. 




easv 




The greater number are fastened by a viscid liquid to the 
foliage of trees, plants, grasses, etc, as those of the [mported 



NATURAL HISTORY OP INSECTS. 



Saw-fly (Fig. 30) and the Three-lined Potato Beetle (Fig. 31, d) ; 
while others are laid in rings around the branches or twigs of 
trees, such as those of DeLong's Moth (Fig. 32) and of the 
Orchard Tent Caterpillar (Fig. 33) ; other insects deposit 



Pier. 32. 



Fig. 33. 



their eggs in punctures in branches, as the Gray Tree Cricket 
(Fig. 28), the Snowy Tree Cricket (Fig. 34), and the 




Fig. 35 




Fig. 34. 



Buffalo Tree-hopper (Fig. 35) ; 
some kinds of True Bugs de- 
posit their eggs on the branches 
of trees (Fig. 36). The eggs 
of the Lace-winged Flies are 
placed at the tip of a short 
pedicel or stem attached to the 
leaves or branches (Fig. 22). 

Some kinds of Wee- 
vils deposit their eggs 
in fruits, such as the 
Plum Curculio (Fig. 
37) and the Grape 
Curculio (Fig. 38, a). 
The Grasshoppers de- 
posit their eggs in 
masses in the earth (Fig. 39). Many kinds of Ichnuemon- 
flies deposit their eggs in the bodies of caterpillars and pupa?, 
by piercing them with their ovipositors; and sometimes in 
grubs or borers which live under the bark of trees (Fig. 40). 

The greater number of Gall-flies and Saw-flies make an in- 
cision in the leaves or twigs of trees, etc., in which they deposit 
their eggs. 




Fig. 37. 




THE LARVA STATE. 



9 



Beetles of various kinds deposit their eggs in the ground ; 
the Hessian flies, on the stalks of wheat ; the Joint-worm flies, 
in the stalks of wheat, barley, etc. ; the Army Worm moth, on 
the lower parts of grasses ; the Butterflies, on the leaves of 
plants, etc., on which their larva? are to feed; the Codlin 
Moth, on fruits ; and the Borers, on the bark of trees and 

plants. 

Fig. 38. Fig. 39. Fig. 40. 




The egg of [an insect "consists essentially of three parts, 
namely : the central germ cell, surrounded by the yolk and the 
outer shell. 

The idea entertained by some persons, that many insects are 
produced spontaneously, is erroneous : all insects are brought 
forth by a parent, either as eggs or as living young. 



CHAPTER III. 

The Larva State. 

Some insects, such as Grasshoppers, Earwigs (Fig. 41, a), 
Thrips (Fig. 42), and Soldier Bugs (Fig. 43, 6), when they first 




Fi<?. 41. 



\ r 





10 



NATURAL HISTORY OF INSECTS. 



issue from the egg, very closely resemble the adult or parent 
insect, with the exception of being destitute of wings. 



Fig. 42. 




Fig. 44. 




By far the greater number of insects, when first hatched 
from the egg, are worm-like, having the body elongated, and 
more or less cylindrical, and furnished with a distinct head 
(Fig. 48, A), armed with strong jaws, such as the Native Currant 
Worm (Fig. 44), the Army Worm (Fig. 45), the Wire Worm (Fig. 
46), and the larva of the Lace-winged Fly (Fig. 47). 



Fig. 45. 



Fig. 46. 




The bodies of those larva which are worm-like are divided 
by transverse, impressed circles, into about twelve parts, called 
" rings " or " segments." The first three segments nearest the 
head (Fig. 48, B), represent the thorax of the perfect insect, and 
are therefore termed " thoracic " segments ; the remaining nine 
segments (Fig. 48, C), represent the abdomen of the perfect in- 
sect, and are therefore designated the " abdominal " segments. 
On the top of the segment next to the head (or the first seg- 
ment) is sometimes a horny plate (Fig. 48, G) ; this plate is 
named the "cervical shield ;" a plate of similar texture on the 
last or anal segment (Fig. 48, F), when present, is termed the 



THE LARVA STATE. 



11 



" anal plate." Sometimes there is a horn or spine on the top of 
the eleventh segment (Fig. 48, E) ; this is known as the " anal 
horn. 1 " 

Fig. 47. Fig. 48. 

. 6 B 





The greater number of larvae have nine spiracles, or breath- 
ing pores (Fig. 48, H,) on each side of the body, one on each side 
of the first segment, and one on each side of the segments from 
four to eleven, inclusive. 

"When there is a line of any color extending along the spir- 
acles, it is termed the stigmatal line. The back of a larva is 
termed the dorsum, and when there is a line in the middle, 
extending lengthwise~with the body, it is termed the dorsal line. 

A line midway between the dorsal and stigmatal lines is 
termed the sub-dorsal line. The under part of the body is 
termed the venter. 

Some larva? are perfectly smooth-skinned, as the caterpillar 
of the Turnus Butterfly (Fig. 49); others are more or less 
covered with tubercles, 

such as the caterpillar Fig. 49. 

of the Cecropia Moth 
(Fig. 50) ; some are cov- 
ered with warts, from/*^ 
which grow clusters of 
hair, as the caterpillar 

of the Tussock Moth (Fig. 51); still others are covered with 
small polished spots, termed piliferous spots, such as the 
Glassy Cut-worm (Fig. 52; see the enlarged segment), from 
each of which usually proceeds a fine hair. 

Many kinds of larvae are entirely destitute of legs ; these 
are called grubs, maggots, etc. ; for instance, the grub of the 
Plum"Curculio~( Fig. 53) ; of the Flat-headed Apple Tree Borer 
(Fig. 54); the grub of the Round-headed Apple Tree Borer 
(Fig. 55) ; and the larva of the Hessian Fly (Fig. 56.) 




12 



NATURAL HISTORY OP INSECTS. 



Others are provided with six legs, as the grubs or larvae of 
the Ground Beetles (Fig. 57). 

Fig. 50. Fig. 51. 




Larvae having from ten to sixteen legs are called true cater- 
pillars, such T as the Span Worms (Fig. 58), which have only 
ten legs; the Glassy Cut-worm (Fig. 52), which is provided 
with sixteen legs. Caterpillars have a pair of horny legs 

Fig. 53. Fig. 54. 

Fig. 55. 

Fig.56. 




THE LARVA STATE. 



13 



beneath each of the first three segments; these are the trui 
legs; the additional legs are fleshy, and are usually encircled 
at the tips with a circle of minute hooks (Fig. 59); these 
fleshy legs are commonly called pro-legs, prop-legs, or false-legs • 



Fig. 5 



Fig. 59. 




The greater number of larvae which have more than the six 

thoracic legs, are furnished with ten pro-legs (Fig. 52) ; these 

are arranged in pairs 

■ * Fig. 60. 
beneath the sixth, 

seventh, eighth, ninth 
and twelfth segments ; 
those under the twelfth 
segment are sometimes 
called the anal pro-legs. 
Larvse having more than 
sixteen legs are called 
false caterpillars, such 
as the larva of the Im- 
ported Currant Saw-fly 
(Fig. 60), which is pro- 
vided with twenty legs. 
The pro-legs of these false caterpillars are not furnished with 
hooks at the tips. 

The false caterpillars (Fig. 60), and also the true caterpillars, 
which are provided with sixteen legs (Fig. 52), in crawling 
about, move with a gentle undulating motion, while those 
which are provided with from ten to fourteen legs arch the 
body more or less upward. This is the most marked in the 
ten-legged caterpillars (Fig. 58), which are commonly called 




14 



NATURAL HISTORY OP INSECTS. 



"Span Worms," "Measuring Worms," or "Geometers." In 
crawling about they arch the body upwards (Fig. 61), by bring- 
ing their hind legs close to the front legs, then fastening itself 
by the intermediate and hind legs, it stretches out the body to 

Fi £- 61. Fig. 63. 

Fig. 62. 




its full length (Fig. 62) ; the same movements are repeated in 
making the second and following steps. 

The caterpillars that are provided with twelve or fourteen 
legs, in moving arch the body upward, in the same manner as 
those having ten legs, but to a less extent. 

Some larva? have the head soft and of np definite shape, 
such as the larva of the Syrphus Fly (Fig. '68) ; it is provided 
with a pair of hook-like jaws, which are usually curved down- 
ward. These organs appear to be unfit for masticating food, 
and are chiefly used to retain the larva in its place, or in hold- 
ing its prey, and also to assist in moving around. 

The soft, shapeless head occurs only in the Fig. 64. 

larvae of some kinds of Two-winged Flies, such 
as those of the House-fly (Fig. 64, A, represents 
the young larva, while at B is shown the same 
larva at a more advanced age). 

These larvae are always destitute of legs, 
and are commonly called " maggots." 

It is usually in the larva state alone that the 
insect increases in size ; the Butterfly or Bee, 
or any other winged insect, does not increase 
in size after its wings and other parts have 
acquired their proper shape - * and degree of 
firmness. 

No larva, caterpillar, grub or maggot, is 
capable of producing eggs or bringing forth young,* these 
offices being performed by the adult insect only. 

*Some writers claim that there are exceptions to this rule, but these exoeptions are of very 
rare occurrence. 




THE PUPA STATE. 



15 



CHAPTER IV. 

The Pupa State. 

Those insects which, when they first issue from the eggs, closely 



Fig. 65. 



resemble the parent 
insect, such as the 
i^ larva of the Chinch 
Bug (Fig. 65, c,) and 
the Harlequin Cab- 
bage Bug (Fig. 66, a), 
do not differ very 
materially in form 
after they enter the 
pupa state (Figs, iio g, 
and 66, 6), except that they are provided with wing-pads, or 
cushion-like swellings in which the undeveloped wings are 
enveloped ; they move about and take food as in the larva state. 




Fig. 66. 



Fig. 67. 





The pupa of those insects which were worm-like when thev 



Fig. 68: 




issued from the egg, are incapable of moving 
about and taking food, their legs and other 
appendages being folded up and encased in 
a sheath — such as the pupa of the Canker 
Worm (Fig. 67). 

Fig. 69. 



Pie. 70. 





16 



NATURAL HISTORY OF INSECTS. 



In some pupae — such as those of the Beetles, Bees, Wasps, 
and many Two-winged Flies — the antennae, wings and legs are 
enclosed in separate sheaths and folded on the breast, as the 
pupa of the Prionus Beetle (Fig. 68), the Flat-headed Apple- 
tree Borer (Fig. 69), and the Plum Curculio (Fig. 70). 

Fig. 71. 



Fig. 73. 






The pupa of Butterflies and Moths have the antennae, wings 
and legs closely folded against the breast, and the whole is 
enclosed in a common covering or sheath, such as the pupa 
of the Tomato Worm (Fig. 71) and of many Butterflies 
(Fig. 72). 
Fig. 74. 




Fig. 75. 




Fig. 76. 



THE TEANSFORMATIONS OF INSECTS. 



17 



Pupse vary in form ; some have a smooth surface and are 
conical in form (Fig. 73) ; others are sometimes angulated, as 
the pupse of many Butterflies, such as those represented in 
Figs. 74 and 75. The pupa of many kinds of Two-winged Flies 
are enclosed in the old larva-skin, which becomes contracted 
and hardened (Fig. 76). Pupa of this kind are said to be 
coarctate or covered, while the others mentioned above are said 
to be obtected or naked. 

No insect can produce eggs or bring forth living young while 
in the pupa state ; it is only in the perfect or adult state that 
insects can reproduce their kind. 



CHAPTER V. 
The Transformations of Insects. 

Insects, with but few exceptions, pass through the four 
stages corresponding to the egg, the larva, the pupa, and the 
imago. 

These different stages are easily observed in' the life of the 
Archippus Butterfly. From the egg (Fig. 77, c, natural size ; 
a, magnified), is hatched a small worm-like creature, which at 



Fig. 77. 




once begins to feed upon the leaves of the plant upon which the 
egg had been deposited by the parent butterfly; after increas- 
ing somewhat in size it casts off its old skin, and appears in 
a new and more ^commodious one. This process is termed 
" moulting." 
'2 



18 



NATl'RAL JilSTORY OF INSECT?. 



When the time for casting its skin arrives, the caterpillar 
first spins a layer of silk upon some object, and then crawls 
upon it and fastens the hooks at the tips of its legs into the 
silk : it now remains quiet for a short time, when the skin on 
its back soon splits open, and the included caterpillar then 
crawls out. This operation is repeated at intervals three or 
four times, until the caterpillar reaches its full size (Fig. 78) ; 

Fig. 78. 




it then spins a bunch of silk to the under side of some object, 
and in this it entangles the hooks at the tips of its hind legs ; 
then letting go its hold it hangs suspended, with the head and 
fore part of the body drawn slightly upward, giving to the 
body somewhat the form of the letter J (Fig. 79, a). In a short 

Fig. 79. 




time the skin on its back splits open, and the included object, 
by elongating its body, pushes the fore part of the latter 
through the rent in the skin ; the body is then contracted, or 
shortened, thus drawing the old skin backward ; and this 
operation is repeated until the skin is worked back to and 
covers only the last two or three segments (Fig. 79, b). The 
pupa is attached, near the hind end of its body, to the old 



THE TRANSFORMATIONS OF INSECTS. 



19 



Fig. 80. 



skin by a strong ligament. It soon withdraws the hind part 
of its body out of the old skin, and remains suspended by 
this ligament (Fig. 79, c) ; it then elongates its body and fastens 
the hooks at the hind end of the latter into the bunch of silk 
above the point where the old skin is attached, and by whirl- 
ing around it breaks the ligament and dislodges the old skin, 
after which it remains perfectly quiet and gradually becomes 
contracted to its proper size and form (Fig. 80). 

In the course of a week or so its colors 
darken, and the spots on the inclosed butter- 
fly's wings can be quite plainly seen through 
the thin and nearly transparent pupa-skin ; 
soon the latter is burst near the anterior or 
lower end, and the included butterfly comes 
forth. At first its wings are short and limp, 
but they gradually expand and harden, and 
soon attain their proper form and size (Fig. 81). 
All insects which are worm-like when they issue from the 
egg, pass through the same stages as the Butterfly, although 
not always in the same manner. Some spin a shroud or 
cocoon (Fig. 82) around their bodies before entering the pupa 
state ; others enter the earth and form smooth cells (Fig. 83) ; 




Fig. 81. 






\Sgfsg§lilr 




while still others assume this form in the plants or other sub- 
stances in which they dwell (Fig. 84, b). Some suspend them- 
selves by the hind feet alone (Fig. 79) ; others pass a loop of 



20 



•NATURAL HISTORY OF INSECTS. 



silken threads around the fore part of the body (Fig. 87, b). A 
few of the former merely work the old skin back upon the 
hind part of the body, where they allow it to remain, while in 



Fig. 82. 



Fig. 84. 




a very few the old skin is merely rent on the back, and nearly 
incloses the pupa. In the larvae of a great many kinds of 
Two-winged Flies the larval-skin merely contracts and hard- 
ens (Fig. 76), completely inclosing the pupa. 

Those insects which pass through the various stages detailed 
above, are said to have a complete transformation (metamor- 
phosis). 

But there are many insects (such as Grasshoppers, Plant- 
bugs', etc.), which, when hatched from the egg, very closely 



Fig. 85. 



Fig. 86. 




resemble the adult or parent insect, except that they are always 
destitute of wings (Fig. 65, c) ; after increasing somewhat in 
size they cast their skins and appear in the same form as 



THE TRANSFORMATIONS OF INSECTS. 



21 



before, except that there is usually a pair of small wing-pads 
where the wings are to be in the perfect insect. At each suc- 
ceeding moult, or casting of the skin, the form still remains 
as before, except that the wing-pads are larger (Fig. 65, g), and 
finally the insect moults for the last time, and appears with 
fully developed wings (as the Chinch Bug, Fig. 85). All this 
time it has been able to move about and to take food. 

When about to cast its skin, the insect firmly fastens the 
hooks at the ends of its feet into some object ; in a short time 
the skin on its back splits open and the included insect makes 
its escape. 

Insects which pass through their different stages in this 
manner, are said to have an incomplete transformation (meta- 
morphosis). Some insects which are worm-like when they 
issue from the egg, are active to a certain degree while in the 
pupa state ; thus the pupa of the Lace-winged Fly, a short 
time before its final change, issues from its cocoon and fastens 
itself by the feet to some neighboring object; in a short time 
the skin on its back is rent, and the perfect insect makes its 
escape. 

Fig. 87. 

^1 




Some insects after issuing from the pupa are still enveloped 
in a thin film-like skin; this stage is usually called the sub- 
imago, and occurs among May Flies, and allied insects. They 
usually fly to the nearest plant, or other object, and soon cast 
off the film-like skin. 

A few insects, like the Blister-beetles (Fig. 86), appear to 
pass through more than foiu' stages. At the approach of win- 
ter the larva casts its skin and appears in a different form, 



22 



NATURAL HTST0RY OF INSECTS. 



commonly called the semi-pupa ; it resembles the true pupa in 
being unable to move about and to take food, but differs from 
it in not having wing-cases, leg-cases, etc. In the following 
Spring it casts off its old skin, and again appears as a larva ; 
the latter passes through the same changes as any other larva 
before reaching the perfect state. 

The changes which insects pass through before reaching 
maturity have excited alike the interest and astonishment of 
mankind from the earliest ages. " To see the same animal 
appearing first as a worm-like creature (Fig. 87, a), slowly 
crawling along and devouring everything in its way, and then, 
after an intermediate period of death-like repose (Fig. 87,6), 
emerging from its quiescent state, furnished with wings adorned 
with brilliant colors (Fig. 88), and confined in its choice of 

food to the most delicate 
-v, ^ fluids of the vegetable king- 

dom, is a spectacle that 
must ever be regarded with 
the greatest interest ; especi- 
ally when we remember 
that these dissimilar crea- 
tures are all composed of 
the same elements, and 
that the organs of the adult 
were in a manner shadowed out in all its previous stages." 

Let those who look with scorn upon the pursuit of Ento- 
mology as a study, learn that but few studies are better adap- 
ted to improving the mind and inculcating habits of observa- 
tion and of accurate perception, while, as a whole, it has no 
small tendency to lift our thoughts to the great Creative 
Being — to Him who has designed the minutest part of the 
minutest object with reference to some particular use connected 
with the whole. 




TtfF IMAGO STATE. 23 



CHAPTER VI. 



The Imago State. 

By far the greater number of insects are provided with 
wings in the imago, or perfect state. Some, however, are des- 
titute of these organs, and frequently very closely resemble 
the larvae, or pupae. This is especially true of some insects 
which are active during the pupa state, such as the Plant-lice, 
and some kinds of wingless Grasshoppers. The pupa3 of the 
latter usually differ from the adults by having the wings 
twisted, so that the thin upper edge is nearest the under side 
of the body. 

The body of the perfect insect (Fig. 86) is composed of 
three parts, the head, the thorax, and the abdomen. 

THE HEAD AND ITS APPENDAGES. 

The head is usually of a flattened, globular form. On each 
side is a large compound eye (Fig. 90), composed of a great 
many simple eyes placed close together. Besides the com- 
pound eyes, many insects have two or three simple eyes (ocelli), 
which are usually situated on the top of the head.* The an- 
tennas *f or horns are two in number, and are usually placed 
below the eyes, but sometimes above them. The functions 
which these organs perform are not distinctly understood, but 
they are supposed to be connected with the sense of hearing ; 
this supposition is strengthened by the fact that in some Lob- 
sters and Crabs, a distinct organ of hearing has been found 
located at the base of the antennae. 

The antennae of insects are composed of a certain number 
of joints which are numbered from the head outward; thus, 
the joint next the head is the first or basal joint, the last joint 
being the one at the tip or apex. 

Some of the different forms of the antennae are illustrated 
in the accompanying figures; the following are the principal 
kinds : 

Filiform, or thread-like ; of nearly equal width throughout 
its entire length (Figs. 91 and 94, a). 

See Fig. 89. t See Fig. 103. 



24 



NATURAL HISTORY OF INSECTS. 



Clavate, or club-shaped ; gradually enlarging toward the tip 
(Figs. 92 and 98). 



Fig. 89. 



Fig. 90. 




THE IMAGO STATE. 



Fusiform, or spindle-shaped; largest in the middle (Fig. 93). 

Setaceous, Setiform, or bristle-like ; slender and tapering 

toward the tip (Fig. 94, b). 

Fig. 103. 




26 



XATFRAT. HTSTORY OF IXsFrTs. 



Moniliform, or bead-like; when the joints are more or less 
globular, resembling a string of beads. 

Capitate, or knobbed; terminating in a knob at the tip 
(Figs. 95 and 96). 

Serrate, or saw-toothed; when each joint is prolonged in 
the form of a small tooth, on the inner side at the apex or tip 
of each joint (Figs. 97 and 99). 

Lamellate ; when the terminal joints are prolonged inter- 
nally in the form of flattened plates (Figs. 100 and 101). 

Pectinate, or comb-toothed ; when the inner angle of each 
joint is considerably prolonged at the apex (Fig. 102). 

Bi-pectinate — Pectinate on both sides (Fig. 115, a., some- 
times called pectinate). 

[For other forms of antennae, see Glossary.] 



Fig. 100. 




Fig. 101 




Fig. 104. 



Fig. 105. 



The mouth of such insects as masticate their food, consists 
essentially of four parts or sets of organs, namely : the upper 
lip (labrum, Figs. 104 and 105) ;*f the lower lip (labium, Fig. 
106) ;*f the upper jaws (mandibles) ;*f and the lower jaws 
(maxillsey*\ These different organs are arranged as follows : 



The upper and lower dots represent the upper and the lower 
lip, respectively ; the two dots below the upper one represent 
the upper jaws, while the two dots below these represent the 



* See Fia 



t See Fig. 103. 



THE TMAGO STATE. 



lower jaws. The upper lip is attached to the lower edge of the 
face, and aids in retaining the food in the mouth during the 

process of mastication. 

Next to the upper lip is the upper jaws, which consist of 
two hard and more or less curved pieces (Figs. 107. 108, 109 
and 110),*+ which open and shut sidewise, instead of up and 
down, as the jaws of animals do ; these are the true biting and 
masticating organs. 

Fig. 108. Fig .109. 
Fig. 106. 






Next to these are the lower jaws, which are much softer than 
the upper ones ; like them they open and shut sidewise, and 
their chief office seems to be to aid in retaining and masti- 
cating the food. Near the base of each lower jaw, on the outer 
side, is a jointed appendage, called the maxillary palpus 
(Figs. Ill, 112 and 113). *f Below the lower jaws is placed the 



Fig. 111. 




Fig. 112. 



Fig. 113. 





lower lip ; this is used in retaining the food in the mouth ; 
near the base are two jointed appendages, called the labial 
palpi (Fig. 106).*+ When the lower lip is very narrow, the ter- 
minal portion is frequently called the tongue (lingula). It is 
attached to the upper and inner edge of the chin (mentuvi).\ 



* See Fig. 89. t See Fig. 103. 



'28 



NATURAL HISTORY OF INSECTS. 



There is sometimes a second pair of appendages attached 
to the lower lip, nearer its tip than the labial palpi ; these are 
termed the paraglossa. 

In those insects which obtain their nourishment by suction, 
such as Bugs, Butterflies, Moths, and the Two-winged Flies, 
some or all of the mouth parts are drawn out, or elongated, 
and several of them are sometimes united to ^ Fig. 114. 
form a single organ, or beak ; in many in- TH \ /^ 
sects — such as True Bugs (Fig. 114, b), Horse- 
flies, etc. — the beak (Fig. 114, a,) is quite hard 
and fitted for piercing, while in others — such 
as the House-fly — it is quite soft and fitted a. 
for lapping. In the Butterflies and Moths it is usually quite 
long, frequently as long or longer than the entire body of the 
insect, and when not in use is coiled up like the hair-spring of 
a watch (Fig. 115, g), and concealed beneath the head. 

The posterior part of the head (or the part which is next to 
the thorax) is called the occiput. The top of the head (Fig. 
116, c), is called the vertex or crown. Just above the upper 




Fig. 115. 




Fig. 116. 




lip (h)* is usually a more or less square piece (g), divided from 
the neighboring parts by a suture or groove ; this piece is 
termed the clypeus,* but in the Two-winged Flies it is called 
the hyperstoma. That part of the face which is between the 
clypeus and a line drawn from one antenna to the other, is 
called the front, while the part of the face which is between 
this and the vertex, is called the forehead. The cheeks are that 



See Fi" 



THE IMAGO STATE. 29 

portion of the side of the head which is between the eyes and 
the month (Fig. 116,/). 

THE THORAX AND ITS APPENDAGES. 

Next to the head is the thorax, which is composed of 
three segments (Fig. 89). The first segment is called the pro- 
thorax ; to this part is attached the first or anterior pair of 
legs;* the second segment of the thorax is called the meso- 
thorax* and to it are attached the middle pair of legs and the 
first or upper pair of wings when they are present ; the third 
or last segment of the thorax is termed the meta-thorax;* the 
last pair of legs are attached to this, and also the second or 
posterior pair of wings, when these members are present. 

The upper part of the thorax is sometimes called the notum, 
Avhile the under part has received the name of sternum. Each 
of these is divided into three parts, the same as the Fig. 117. 
thorax ; thus there is a pro-notum and a pro-ster- 
num,] a meta-notum and a meta-sternum,] etc. The 
different parts of the legs are well illustrated in 
the accompanying figure (Fig. 117), Avhere e rep- 
resents the thigh, (femur) ; / the shank, (tibia) ; and 
h the foot, (tarsus) ; the latter is five-jointed, and the 
last joint is terminated by two claws (i). The part 
to which the thigh is attached at its upper end is 
called the coxa*] and between them is sometimes 
a small piece called the trochanter.*] 

The greater number of insects when in the perfect state, 
are provided with two pairs of wings. 

In the Beetles the first pair are of a hard, bony texture, and 
meet in a straight line or suture on the back (Fig. 118) ; they 
are sometimes smooth, but are frequently covered with small 
humps (rugose), or with longitudinal ridges (stria?) (Fig. 119); 
they are nearly always covered with small impressed dots 
(punctures) (Fig. 120), as if pricked with the point of a pin; 
sometimes the outer edge of each wing is turned upward; this 
is called the epipleura. These wings are termed "wing-cases" 
(elytra) and are never used in flying. 

• See Fig. 89. t See Fig. 103. 




30 



NATURAL HISTORY OF INSECTS. 



In Grasshoppers, Crickets and in some kinds of Bugs the 
anterior wings are more or less of a firm, leathery texture ; in 
the Grasshoppers and kindred insects the front wings are some- 
times called the tegmina, while in the True Bugs these organs 
have received the name of hemelytra. 



Fig. 120. 






The Butterflies and the greater number of Moths have the 
wings (Figs. 121 and 122),* and also the body and its members, 

Fig. 121. 



al 





mid 



thickly covered with flattened scales of various designs ; it is 
these which give the diversified colors to these insects. When 
these scales are rubbed off, the wings are found to be of a more 
or less membraneous texture (Fig. 123). f 

In the Bees, Wasps (Fig. 1), Two-winged Flies (Fig. 124), 
Dragon-flies, Plant-lice and similar insects, all the wings are 
thin and membraneous ; as are also the posterior wings in 



'Explanation of Fig. 121. — a!* .inner third of wing-; am, middle third; al, outer third; A, 
costal edge; B, inner or posterior edge; C, outer edge; D, apex; xd, basal line; sa, transverse 
anterior line; mo, orbicular; mr, reniform; um, transverse shade; sp, transverse posterior 
line; ms, marginal line; lb, dentiform spot. 

'Explanation of Fig. 122.— (Capitals same as in Fig. 121); fr, frenulum; em, lunule. 

t Explanation of Fig. 123.— (Capitals same as in Fig. 121); a, antenna; 1, prothorax; m, 
patagia; k, mesoscutum; ab, discal cell; am, discal cross-vein; above al, independent vein; », 
abdomen. 



THK [MAGO STATE. 



31 



those insects which have the anterior pair thickened (Fig. 
114, b). The wings of the former kind are usually furnished 
with several veins (Fig. 125)* which are more or less con- 
Fig. 123. 



Fig. 124. 






nected with each other hy cross-veins or nervures. These 

veins and cross-veins form several enclosed spots, which may 

be likened to the panes of glass in a window ; these are called 

cells. When one of 
these cells is entirely 
surrounded by veins 
and cross-veins, it is 
said to be closed (Fig. 
125,2,2,2); but if the 
outer or the posterior 

margin of the wing forms one of its sides, it is then said to 

be open (Fig. 125, 4, 4). 

Naturalists determine the different genera and species of 

Plant-lice chiefly by the difference in the veining of the wings. 

these being the most reliable characters which these insects 

possess. 

Fig. 12(5 f represents the venation of the wings of the Rose 

Aphis and Grain Aphis; Figure 127 represents those of -the 

Apple-tree Aphis; and Figure 128, those of the Woolly A]. his. 

' Explanation ok Fig. 125.-- c, costal vein; sc, sub-costal vein; m, median vein; sm sub- 
median vein; i, internal vein; 7, costal cell; 3, (dark) stigma; S, marginal or radial cell' 1 ! 
S, I, (back of stigma and marginal cell) sub-marginal or cubital cells; 2, 3, 4, (back of sub-mar- 
ginal cells) discoidal cells; 2, 8, inner and outer apical cells; 1,1,1, (nearest tbe base) median 
sub-median and internal cells; C, the apex. 

t Explanation ok Fio. 126.— 1, basal cell; 2, first discoidal cell; 3, second discoidal cell- 4 
infra-marginal cell; 5, first cubital cell; between 4 and 5, second cubital cell; 7, stigma- toward 
base of wing from stigma, costal cell; between 4 and 7, marginal cell. (The latter aiul No 4 
are sometimes called " apical cells.") 



32 NATURAL HISTORY OF INSECTS. 

THE ABDOMEN AND ITS APPENDAGES. 

The posterior division of the body of an insect is termed 
the abdomen, and contains the organs of nutrition and of 

Fig. 126. 



reproduction. It is sometimes united to the thorax by its 
entire width, but in some insects — such as Wasps, etc. — these 
two parts are connected by a slender stem, or petiole. 

Fig. 127. 'Fig. 128. 





Along each side of the abdomen are the spiracles (Fig. 89), 
through which the insect breathes. 



THE tMARO STATE. 



33 



The tip of the abdomen is sometimes furnished with a 
sting— as in the Bees and Wasps— with which the insect de- 
fends itself. In other insects — such asthe Saw-flies (Fig. 130) — 
it is furnished with a piercer or ovipositor (Fig. 129), which is 



Fig. 131. 



Fig. 129. 




Fig. 130. 





used for the purpose of making punctures in the leaves or 
twigs of plants, in which to deposit the eggs. The females of 
several species of Ichneumon Flies are furnished with an ovi- 
positor, which is frequently as long as the entire body of the 
insect (Fig. 131), and composed of several thread-like pieces. 

3 



34 NATURAL HISTORY OF INSECTS. 

CHAPTER VII. 

The Internal Anatomy of Insects. 

The nervous system of insects consists essentially of two 
cords, extending the entire length of the body, and placed 
nearest to the lower side ; these cords are situated one above 
the other, and the lower cord is enlarged at intervals into 
knots, called ganglia; from each of these knots a number of 
cords or filaments extend to the various organs. The fibers 
which compose these cords, separate at the anterior extremity 
of the body, so as to pass around the gullet (oesophagus), above 
which they again unite to form the brain, which is somewhat 
larger than the other ganglia. 

The organs of nutrition consist of an alimentary canal, ex- 
tending the entire length of the insect ; it is enlarged in sev- 
eral places, and somewhat resembles the same organ in birds. 
The gullet (oesophagus) is terminated by a cavity resembling 
the crop in birds ; next to this is a smaller muscular organ, 
analogous to the gizzard; this is followed by a larger and 
longer cavity, which is the true digestive stomach ; this is con- 
tracted at the posterior end into the intestinal canal, which is 
enlarged at the posterior end into what is known as the colon. 
The liver and kidneys are not in a solid mass, as in the higher 
animals, but consist of masses of twisted, ribbon-like tubes. 

The blood is a colorless fluid, which does not circulate in 
closed vessels or veins, but permeates all parts of the body 
The heart is represented by an elongated, pulsating vessel, sit- 
uated in the upper part of the body, along the back ; it is fur- 
nished with small valves, which allow the blood to pass only 
in one direction, which is toward the head. The blood enters 
the heart through openings at the sides, and is forced forward 
and expelled out of an opening in the anterior end ; from this 
it passes backward, through all parts of the body, and again 
enters the heart, as before. In many naked caterpillars the 
pulsation of the heart beneath the skin on the back can readily 
be observed. 

Insects do not breath through the mouth or nostrils, as 
the higher animals do, but through small openings, called 



THE INTERNAL ANATOMY OF INSECTS. 



:;.) 



spiraeas, placed on each side of the body (Pig. 89); these 
open into minute, pearly tubes (tracheae), which carry the air 
to all parts of the body, where it comes in eontact with the 
blood. In the perfect or winged insect these tubes are dilated 
into a great many air-sacs, facilitating their flight. 

In many aquatic larva? — such as those of the Mosquito 
(Fig. 132) — these tubes project from the body in the form of 
small tufts, analogous to the gills of fishes. Those insects 
which, in the perfect state, spend much of their time in 
the water, are not furnished with these gills, and hence are 
compelled to rise to the surface of the water occasionally to 
get air. 

Insects (unlike the higher animals) have the skeleton ex- 
ternal, or upon the outside, and the muscles are attached to 
the internal surface of the various parts. The muscles are 
composed of numerous fibers, which are not united in the 
rounded, compact form which they have in the higher animals. 

No insect is possessed of a voice, and Fig. 132. 

those which appear to sing — such as the 
Katydids and Crickets — produce their notes 
by the rubbing together of certain parts of 
the body. The Cicada, or Harvest-fly, is 
furnished with a thin, transparent instru- 
ment, which is alternately indented and re- 
laxed, producing a sound somewhat similar 
to that produced by indenting a tin pan. 

Some insects produce a shrilling noise by 
elevating the wing-cases, and rubbing their 
edges together ; others rasp the inside of 
their hind legs against the outer edges of 
their wing-cases; some, while on the wing, 
make a somewhat similar noise by rubbing the front edge of 
the hind wings against the under side of the wing-cases. 
Some kinds of Beetles sometimes make a squeaking noise by 
rubbing the base of the thorax against the adjacent part of 
the wing-cases. 




3fi NATURAL HTST0RY OF INSECTS. 

CHAPTER VIII. 

The Seven Orders of Insects. 

Naturalist separate insects into seven Orders, characterized 
by the difference in the mouth parts, and the number and struc- 
ture of the wings. 

These Orders are as follows : 

1. — Hymenoptera (from two Greek words, meaning mem- 
brane-winged). Such as Bees, Wasps, Saw Flies, etc. 

2. — Lepidoptera (from two Greek words, meaning scaly- 
winged). Such as Butterflies and Moths. 

3. — Diptera (from two Greek words, signifying two-winged). 
Such as Two-winged Flies, Mosquitoes, etc. 

4. — Coleoptera (from two Greek words, signifying sheath- 
winged). Such as Beetles and Weevils. 

5. — Hemiptera (from two Greek words, meaning half-winged). 
Such as Plant Bugs, etc. This Order is divided into two Sub- 
orders, which are as follows : 

Homoptera (from two Greek words, meaning similar-winged). 
Such as Plant-lice, Vine-hoppers, etc. 

Heteroptera (from two Greek words, meaning different-winged). 
Such as Plant Bugs, Soldier Bugs, etc. 

6. — Orthoptera (from two Greek words, meaning straight- 
winged). Such as Grasshoppers, Crickets, etc. 

7. — Neuroptera (from two Greek words, meaning nerve- 
ivinged). Such as Dragon Flies, Lace-winged Flies, etc. 



CHAPTER IX. 

Classification of Insects into Orders. 

By some authors the True Insects are divided into two Sec- 
tions, as follows : 

I. Gnawing Insects (Mandibidata). — These insects are fur- 
nished with a pair of jaws. This Section includes the Orders 
Hymenoptera, Coleoptera, Orthoptera, and Neuroptera. 

II. Sucking Insects (Haustellata). — These insects have the 



CLASSIFICATION OF INSECTS INTO ORDERS. 



37 



mouth parts formed into a beak or proboscis. This Section 
includes the Orders Lepidoptera, Hemiptera, and Diptera. 

Section 1.— GNAWING IINSECTS (Mandibulata). 

Hymenoptera (Bees, Wasps, etc.) — These insects usually 

have four membranous wings, with few veins, such as the 

Imported Currant Saw Flies _. „_ 

r . Fig. loo. 

(Fig. 133). The posterior pair 

are the smallest. The wings 
are wanting in a few species. 
The upper jaws are fitted for 
biting, while the lower jaws 
form a sheath around the 
lower lip. The three last 
named organs are greatly elon- 
gated, and fitted for sucking 
or lapping. The body is usu- 
ally hard and firm, and in 
many species the abdomen is 
furnished with a sting, where- 
with the insects defend them- 
selves ; some females have an 
exserted ovipositor (Fig. 129), with which they puncture the 

Fig. 134. 



Fig. 135. 






Fig. 136. 



Leaves or twigs of plants wherein they deposit their eggs; 
others, such as the Ichneumon Flies (Figs. 40,131 and 134) 



88. 



NATURAL HISTORY OF INSECTS. 



puncture the bodies or eggs of other insects, and deposit 
their eggs therein. The larva are usually destitute of legs, 
(like the larva of the Grape Seed Maggot, Fig. 135), 
and many of them feed upon food provided by the parents ; 
othere are provided with twenty or twenty-two legs (such as 
the larva of the Rose Saw-Fly, Fig. 136), and feed upon the 
leaves of plants, or 

live in the stems of -^ ig - ^7, 

plants, or in galls 
o n plants. The 
transfo rmations 
are complete, and 
the legs, etc., of the 
pupa are enclosed 
in separate sheaths, 
( such as the pupa of 
the Strawberry Saw 
Fly, Fig. 137, 1 and 
2). The larvae usu- 
ally pupate in their 
nests, or in whatever substance they live ; "others spin cocoons 

Fig. 139. 



Fig. 138. 






around their bodies, usually first concealing themselves be- 
neath the fallen leaves, or entering the earth. 



CLASSIFICATION OF INSECTS INTO ORDERS. 



39 



Coleoptera (Beetles). — These insects are usually provided 
with four wings, but in a few species the hind wings are want- 
ing. The fore wings (elytra) are of a hard, horny texture, and 
meet in a straight line (suture) along the back, (except in the 
genus Meloe, where they overlap each other) ; in a few species 
they are united at the suture (as in some kinds of Darkling 
Beetles, Fig. 119). The posterior wings, when present, are 
membraneous, and when not in use are usually folded both 
lengthwise and crosswise, and concealed beneath the elytra. 
(The Beetles which belong to the same family as the Flat- 
headed Appple-tree Borer (Fig. 138) have the hind wings 
folded lengthwise only.) The mouth parts are fitted for biting. 
Transformations complete. 

Fig. 141. 



Fig. 140. 



I 




The larvae are commonly called grubs, and are sometimes 

furnished with six legs, which are placed beneath the fore part 



40 



NATURAL HISTORY OF INSECTS. 



of the body (such as the larva of the June Beetle, Fig. 139, 2) ; 
besides these some kinds have a fleshy prop-leg beneath the 
last segment (as the larva of the Striped Cucumber Beetle, Fig. 
140). Others are entirely destitute of legs. In all of them 
the head is distinct. Some undergo their transformations in 
the substance in which they live ; others enter the earth and 
spin a slight cocoon (Fig. 139, 1). The pupae have the legs, 
etc., enclosed in separate sheaths (Fig. 139, 1). 

Orthoptera, (Grasshoppers, Crickets, etc.) — The insects 



Fig. 142. 



which belong to this 
order usually have 
four wings ; the an- 
terior pair are thick- 
ened or parchment- 
Hke, and overlap 
each other on the 
back (as those of the 
Katydid, Fig. 141), 
except in the Ear- 
wigs (Fig. 41). 
The posterior wings' 
are thinner, and 
when at rest are 
folded up length- 
wise, like a fan, and 
more or less con- 
cealed beneath the 
anterior pair. In a 
few species one or 
both pairs of wings 
are wanting. The 
mouth parts are 
fitted for biting. 
The transformations 
are incomplete, the 
pupa being active- 
With the exception of the insects which belong to the same 
family as the Mantis (Fig. 142), all the insects belonging to 




CLASSIFICATION OF INSECTS INTO ORDERS. 



41 



this Order are more or less injurious. In the Earwig family 
(Fig. 41) the anterior wings meet in a straight line on the back, 
as in the Rove Beetles (Fig. 249), from which they are at once 
distinguished by the prominent anal forceps. 

Fig. 143. 




Fig. 144. 



Neuroptera (Dragon Flies, May Flies, etc.) — These insects 
are usually provided with four membraneous wings (such 
as the Dragon Fly, Fig. 143), but in a few species the pos- 
terior wings are wanting, while several species are entirely 
wingless. The wings, when present, are usually provided with 
numerous cross-veins, forming a network of veins, but in sev- 
eral species (such as in the Genus Psocus, Fig 
144), the cross-veins are not more numerous 
than they are in the wings of Butterflies and 
Moths. The body and its appendages are 
usually soft and weak, and the tip of the abdomen is some- 
times furnished with two or three long bristles (setse). The 
mouth parts are fitted for biting. The larvae are mostly 
aquatic and are provided with six legs ; in some the trans- 
formations are incomplete, the pupa being active (as the pupa 
of the Dragon Fly, Fig. 



145) ; in others they are 
complete, and the pupa has 
the legs, etc., enclosed in 
separate sheaths ; several 
pupa? of the latter kind are 
active, to a certain extent, 



Fig. 145. 




42 



NATURAL HISTORY OF INSECTS. 



just before the perfect insect emerges. With the exception of 
the White Ants, the insects belonging to this Order cannot be 
regarded as being injurious, while several species are eminently 
beneficial (such as the Lace-winged Flies, Fig. 22). Some 
authors have separated those insects belonging to this Order 
which pass through an incomplete transformation, into a dis- 
tinct Sub-order, which they call Pseudo-neuroptera; but their 
course has not been very generally followed. 

Section 2.— SUCKING INSECTS (Haustellata). 

Lepidoptera (Butterflies and Moths'). — These insects are 
provided with four thin wings, which are usually covered with 
minute, flattened scales (such as the Semicolon Butterfly, Fig. 

Fig. 146. 




146, and the Orchard Tent-caterpillar Moth, Fig. 147) ;* the 
females of a few species are either wingless (as the female of the 
Yellow Canker-worm Moth, Fig. 148), or the wings are small 

Fig. 147. Fig. 148. 





and rudimentary. The body and its appendages are also cov- 
ered with scales or short hairs. The mouth parts are fitted for 



*The antennie of Butterflies always terminate in a knob (see Figs. 95 and 146); but the 
antenna) of Moths never terminate in a knob (see Figs. 97, 115, a, and 147). 



CLASSIFICATION" OF INSECTS INTO ORDERS. 



43 



state, 



sucking, the upper lip and jaws being very small or rudimen- 
tary, while the lower jaws are formed into a long tube or 
proboscis, which, when not in use, is coiled up like the hair 
spring of a watch (Fig. 115, g,) and concealed beneath the 
head ; in a few species which take no food while in the perfect 
the lower jaws are also rudimentary. The transfor- 
mations are complete, and 
the various members of the 
pupa are enclosed in a 
common sheath or cover- 
ing (as the pupa of th e 
Achemon Sphinx, Fig. 149). A few of the larva? of the 
smaller species of Moths are destitute of legs ; others are pro- 
vided with ten legs (as the Spring Canker Worm, Fig. 150, a) ; 



Fig. 149. 




Fig. 150. 



Fig. 151. 





some with twelve legs (as the Fall Canker Worm, Fig. 151,/) ; 
the greater number have sixteen legs (as the larva of the 
Achemon Sphinx, Fig. 152) ; while a few of small size, which 

Fig. 152. 




mine the leaves of plants, have move than sixteen legs; in all 
of them the head is distinct. They are all more or less 
injurious, with the single exception of one species (the Dak- 
ruma coccidivorella of Comstock) which feeds upon young 

Scale-insects. 



44 



NATURAL HISTORY OF INSECTS. 



Hemiptera (True Bugs).— These insects are usually pro- 
vided with four wings, but a few kinds have only two, while 
others are entirely destitute of wings. The mouth is fitted for 
suction, and is commonly called the "beak," or "proboscis." 
(See the Dotted-legged Plant-bug, Fig. 20, c; the Spined Soldier 
Bug, Fig. 114, a; the Ring Banded Soldier Bug, Fig. 153, c; 



Fig. 154. 



Fig. 153, 



Fig. 155. 




I » 



and the Many Banded Robber, Fig. 154, b.) It usually con- 
sists of four bristle-like organs (the upper and the lower jaws), 
which are inclosed in the sheath-like lower lip ; the upper lip 
is short and pointed. The transformations are incomplete. 
This Order is divided into two Sub-orders, as follows : 



Fig. 156. 




Fig. 158. 




Homoptera (Plant-lice, Vine-hoppers, etc). — These insects 
have the wings of the same texture throughout, either wholly 
leathery (as those of the Buffalo Tree-hopper, Fig. 155), or 
wholly membraneous (as those of the Grain Aphis, Fig. 156), 
and when at rest they are held slanting over the back like a 



CLASSIFICATION OF INSECTS INTO ORDERS. 



45 



steep roof (as in the Hop Aphis, Fig. 157, 2) ; the beak arises 
from the posterior part of the under side of the head, and 
sometimes apparently from the breast. 

They are all terrestrial, and are injurious to vegetation. 
Many of them are wingless (as in Fig. 157, 4, and the Apple 
Tree Aphis, Fig. 158). In one family — the Scale-insects — 

Fig. 157. 




the females (such as those of the Red Scale, Fig. 159, 26,) are 
wingless, and the males are provided with only two wings 

(Fig. 159, la). 

Fig. 159. 




46 



NATURAL HISTORY OF INSECTS. 



Heteroptera (Plant Bugs, Soldier Bugs, etc). — These insects 
have the anterior wings thickened at the base, while the outer 
part is ihin and more membraneous (such as those of the Har- 
lequin Cabbage Bug, Fig. 160). When at rest they lie flatly 

Fig. 162. 
Fig. 160. 





Fig. 161. 



Fig. 163. 





upon the back, and overlap each other at the tips. The beak 
issues from the fore part of the under side of the head, while 
Fig. 164. 

Fig. 165. 





in the Homoptera it issues from the posterior part of the under 
side of the head. In a few small species, such as the Thrips 



CLASSIFICATION OF INSECTS INTO ORDERS. 



47 



(Fig. 161) and the wingless Lice, the mouth is furnished with 
jaws. Some of the insects which belong to this sub-order are 
terrestrial, others are aquatic (as the Large Belostoma, Fig. 
162). A very few species are predaceous ; others are parasitic, 
while still others feed upon the juices of various plants (such 
as the Squash Bug, Fig. 163). 

Diptera (Two-winged Flies). — These insects are provided 
with only two wings, the posterior pair being represented by a 
pair of thread-like organs, knobbed at the outer end (such as 
those of the Wheat Midge, Fig. 164, and the Onion Fly, Fig. 
165). These are called balancers, or halteres, and are never 
wanting, even in those species which are wingless. The mouth 
parts are fitted for piercing or lapping. Transformations com- 
plete. The larvae are destitute of legs (such as the Apple Mag- 
got, Fig. 166, and the larva? of the Helophilus Fly, Fig. 167), 



Fig. 166. 



Fig. 168. 




and are commonly called "maggots;" some are furnished 
with a distinct head (as the larva of the Crane Fly, Fig. 168, 
1), while in others this part is soft, and of no definite shape. 
The legs, etc., of the pupa (Fig. 168, 2,) are confined in sepa- 
rate sheaths, but the entire pupa is sometimes inclosed in the 
hardened skin of the larva (as the pupa of the Apple Maggot, 
Fig. 76). 



48 NATURAL HTSTORY OF INSECTS. 

CHAPTER X. 

Classification of Larvae. 

Those insects which, when they first issue from the egg, 
closely resemble the parents, are always provided with six 
legs. Those which are furnished with a beak belong to the 
Order Hemiptera, such as the larva of the Cabbage Bug (Fig. 
66, a), and the larva of the Soldier Bug (Fig. 43, b). Those 
which are provided with jaws belong either to the Orthoptera 
or the Neuroptera ; if aquatic, they belong to the latter order ; 
but if terrestrial, they belong to Orthoptera, such as the larva 
of the Earwig (Fig. 41, a). Those which are Worm-like when 
they issue from the egg, and are destitute of legs — such as 
those which are commonly called " maggots " or " grubs," — 

Fig. 169. 




belong either to the Order Coleoptera, Hymenoptera, or Dip- 
tera. If the body is flattened, like the larva of the Broad- 
necked Prionus (Fig. 169), the larva belongs to the Coleoptera, 
and is probably the larva of a Long-horned Borer, or of a Saw- 
horned Borer ; if they live in nests stored with dead insects 
or with pollen, they belong to the Order Hymenoptera ; if they 
have a soft, retractile head, of no definite shape, they belong 
to the Order Diptera, as the larva of the Ox Bot-fly (Fig. 170.) 
In the Lepidopterous families Lycsenidse and Bombycidse, a 
few larvae have the legs so small as to be scarcely distinguish- 
able ; these larvae, or caterpillars, live exposed upon the leaves 
of plants and trees. 

Those larvae which are worm-like and provided with six 
legs, such as those which are commonly called " grubs," as 
the larva of the Asparagus Beetle (Fig. 171) and the larva of 



CLASSIFICATION OF LARViE. 



49 



the Rove Beetle (Fig. 172)— belong either to the Order Cole- 
optera or Neuroptera. If they are terrestrial they probably 
belong to the Order Coleoptera, the only Neuropterous larvse 
which are terrestrial being those of the Lace-winged Flies 
(Fig. 47), and of the Ant Lions. These larvae differ from the 
Coleopterous larvse by their long and prominent jaws, which 
project horizontally in front of the head. 



Fig. 170. 



Fig. 174. 




Fig. 172. 



Fig. 171. 




Fig. 173. 





Those larva? which are provided with from ten to sixteen legs, 
such as are commonly called "Caterpillars," (as the Parsley 
Worm, Fig. 173), " Span Worms," " Measuring Worms," etc., 
belong to the Order Lepidoptera. 

Those larvse which are provided with more than sixteen 
legs are called " False Caterpillars," such as the Pear Slug 
(Fig. 174) ; they belong to the Order Hymenoptera, and to the 
familv of Saw Flies. 



50 



NATURAL HISTORY OF INSECTS. 



CHAPTER XI. 

Classification of Insects. 

Insects are divided into orders, orders into families, families 
into genera, genera into species. 

Or to reverse this and illustrate : The Southern Cabbage 
Butterfly (Fig. 175) is a species, and the Imported Cabbage 
Butterfly (Fig. 176) is another species. These, with other 
species of a similar form, though not of the same color, form 
a genus. 

The common Yellow Butterflies form another genus. These 
and several other genera, agreeing in certain respects, form a 
family. This and several other families of Butterflies, Sphinx 
Moths, Night Flying Moths, etc., all agreeing in certain re- 
spects (for instance, in having scaly wings and bodies) form 
the Order Lepidoptera. 

As a general rule, all the 
species of a family have suf- 
ficient resemblance to each 
other to enable even unsci- 
entific persons, by a little 
study and observation, to 
associate them with reason- 
sonable correctness, and 
among insects they usually have somewhat similar habits, so 
that knowing the habits of a given family, when we find a 
species belonging to it, we have a pretty correct idea of its 
habits. 

As illustrating the method of ascertaining the Order to which 
any perfect insect belongs, supposing an insect is presented 
with the inquiry : To what Order does it belong? On exam- 
ination, if it is found to have biting jaws, it belongs to the 
gnawing insects (Mandibulata), and therefore must either be- 
long to the Order Hymenoptera, Coleoptera, Orthoptera, or 
Xeuroptera, as these are the only insects having biting jaws. 
If the fore or upper wings are of a hard and horny texture, 
and the under wings are thin and membraneous, and folded 
both lengthwise and crosswise, the insect is a Beetle, (as the 




CLASSIFICATION OF INSECTS. 51 

Prickly Bark Beetle Fig. 177), and therefore belongs to the 
Order Coleoptera, as this is the only order of insects having 
biting jaws, and wings of the kind described above. If the fore 
or upper wings are parchment-like, or leathery, and the under 
wings membraneous and folded lengthwise like a fan, (as those 
of the Katydid Fig. 141), the insect belongs to the Order 
Orthoptera, as this is the only order of insects having biting 
jaws and wings of the kind described above. 
Fie. 176. 



Fig. 177. 





If the insect is provided with four wings, all of which are 
thin and membraneous, and is furnished with biting jaws, it 
belongs either to the Hymenoptera or Neuroptera. If the ab- 
domen is provided with a sting or piercer (as that of the 
Wasp or Hornet, Fig. 1), it belongs to the Order Hymenop- 
tera, as this is the only order of insects having biting jaws and 
four membraneous wings, that has the abdomen armed with a 
sting or piercer. But if the four wings are of equal size, and 
crossed by numerous veins, forming a net-like structure, and 
the abdomen is soft and not armed with a sting (such as the 
Dragon Fly, Fig. 143), the insect belongs to the Order Neurop- 
tera, as this is the only order of insects having biting jaws and 
four wings of equal size, and the abdomen not armed with a 
sting. 

Supposing the insect presented has a mouth formed for 
sucking (as the Tomato Worm Moth, Fig. 178), then it belongs 
either to the Order Lepidoptera, Hemiptera, or Diptera — the 
Haustellate Orders. If it is provided with four wings covered 
with scales, and the mouth parts formed for sucking (as in Fig. 
178), it belongs to the Order Lepidoptera, as this is the only 
order of insects having four wings covered with scales, and a 
a mouth formed for sucking. 



52 NATURAL HISTORY OF INSECTS. 

If the mouth parts are formed for sucking, and in the form 
of a beak (as in the Dotted Legged Plant-bug, Fig. 20), and 
the insect is provided with four wings, it belongs to the Order 

Fig. 178. 




Hemiptera, which is divided into two Sub-orders— Homoptera 
and Heteroptera. 

If the beak issues from the anterior part of the under side 




CLASSIFICATION OF [NSECTS. 53 

of the head, and the fore or upper wings are thicker at the base 
than at the tip or apex, and lie flatly on the back, overlapping 
each other (as those of the Spined Soldier Bug, Fig. 114), the 
insect belongs to the Sub-order Heteroptera. 

But if the beak issues from the posterior part of the under 
side of the head, and the anterior wings are of the same texture 
throughout, and when at rest are held over the back like a 
steep roof (as those of the Hop Aphis, Fig. 157, 2), the insect 
belongs to the Sub-order Homoptera. 

If the insect is provided with only two wings, and the mouth 

parts are formed for sucking (as the Horse Bot Fry, Fig. 179), 

it belongs to the Order Diptera, as this is _. • 

. .* Fig. 179. 

the only order of insects which has only two 

wings, and the mouth parts formed for 

sucking or lapping. 

The Fleas were formerly regarded as 
comprising a distinct Order, called Apha- 
niptera, but most modern authors class 
them with the Diptera. 

Bedbugs are placed in the Order Hemiptera, as their mouth 
parts are beak-like. 

The Head and Body-lice are also placed in the Order Hemip- 
tera, since their mouth parts form a beak-like sucker. Chicken- 
lice, and those infesting fowls and animals, although they 
have biting jaws, are placed in the Order Hemiptera, and seem 
to connect this order with the Orthoptera. 

There are wingless insects belonging to nearly every Order 
of insects, but these can generally be easily classified by the 
structure of their mouth parts. 

The names of the different Orders end in ptera (meaning 
wing), as Coleqptera, Diptera, etc. ; while the names of the 
Families terminate in idee (meaning like or similar) as Carab- 
irlse, Buprestida?, etc. 

In writing the scientific or technical name of an insect, the 
generic name, or name of the genus, is written first, followed 
by its specific name, or name of the species ; attached to this 
is usually the name of the person who first named and 
described the species ; and if any person named and described 
the same species afterward, the name the latter gave it is 



- 

called a synonym of the name given it " :*er. 

In sonir - - iber of a - placed the 1; 

in the wror._ g but when the spec: - 

rue 
a who fin - .".list 

still be attached ifie name. I ind 

mo-: s of he nanie of 

xaniple will 
- f - Qlnstnte this 

r.erie name.) S ~eific name.) 7" st describer.) 

Philampeijs (Dr 

xchemon. Drurv. 

"lonvm;. 

Lranier. 

This insect ~ ribed by Mr. Drurv. who named it 

; ~nx ackemor, t as it belongs tc the genus J 

instead of tc - it is now known is Phil non 

Z nay). A fe — ears ifl -: Mr. Drury described it. Mr. Cramer, 

osing it to be an undescrib-r ed it under 

Lr name of Sphinx crantor. which thus bee - anonym 

of the name given this insect f Mr. Drurv. 



HAPTER XII. 

Classification of Insects into Families. 

It is a pretty well established :_ I :hat all the member - 
any t : r_ Family : insects, almost without exception, have 
similar habi: - ring able to refer any itc 

proper Fami. an usually tell whether it is an injurioi: 

a beneficial insect i ling to the L >f the other in- 

which belong I the e :.vae Family. 

Okdeb I. HYMEXOPTERA. .) 

following are the principal Families of this ext~ 

Bees — These nave the antenna? from 



3SIFICATTOX OP USSECTS IX T< > . 






twelve to thirteen jointed ; the tongue and other mouth parts are 

usually very long, and ti. "ior tibia 

:' the posterior feel, are broad, and 

there is a bristly cavity on each posterior tibia in which ti 

- the Hob -. carry poll'-, to their 

kinds 
Fig. 18ft 

struct neat - 

mud; others burrow 

into the - 1 

plants, into - I 
de<:a r in- 

to the ground - 

the Bumble 1 

A few ki 

line their nests with 
green 

such as the Leaf-cut- 
j» Bee. The larva? 
of a few species live parasitically in the nests of poller.- - 
ing Bees, and subsist upon the food which had been stored up 

Fig. ML Fig. 182. 






for the young of the latter : on this account they are com- 
monly called "Cuckoo Bees." The larvgp belonging to I 



56 



NATURAL HISTOEY OF [NSECTS. 



Family are wholly destitute of feet, like the larva of the Grape 
Seed Maggot (Fig. 135). 

Wasps ( Vespidse). These insects have the body hard and 
smooth ; the antenna? are elbowed (geniculate) ; the wings are 
folded lengthwise once when at rest, and the hind legs are 
smooth. These insects build nests either of mud (Fig. 181), 

Fig. 183. 




or of a papery substance (Figs. 182 and 183, b), and store 
them with small caterpillars or other larvae, or with a pulpy 
mass composed of the bodies of other insects chewed up into 
a pulp. Many of these wasps are predaceous, such as the 
Rust Red Wasp (Fig. 183, a), feeding upon flies, etc., but 
some species attack ripe fruit. The larva? are destitute of 
feet, and feed upon the food stored up by the parents. 

Sand Wasps or Wood Wasps (Crabronidse, Nyssonidse, 
Bembecidse, etc.). — These insects usually have large heads, 
and the antennae are sometimes elbowed. They build their 
nests in holes in wood, in the stems of plants, or in the earth, 
and store them with spiders, flies, plant-lice, etc. The larva? 
are destitute of legs, and feed upon the food stored up by the 
parent insects. 



Digger Wasps (Pompilidx, 
Fig. 184. 



etc.). These AVasps have long 
and usually spiny legs and 
large jaws ; the antenna? are 
not elbowed, and the abdo- 
men is petiolate. They 
build their nests in holes 
which they dig in the earth, 
storing them with insects 
and spiders. A few kinds 
are known to feed upon over-ripe fruit, such as the Red-winged 




CLASSIFICATION OF INSECTS INTO FAMILIES. 57 

Wasp (Fig. 184). The larvae are destitute of feet. A large 
species of this Family is commonly called the " Tarantula 
Hawk." 

Ants (Formicidx). — The males and females, when they first 
issue from the pupa, are usually provided with four wings, but 
the workers are wingless ; the antennas are always elbowed. 
The larvae are footless, and are fed upon food which has been 
elaborated in the stomachs of the workers. 

Golden Wasps (Chrysididas). — These insects are either 
green or black ; the antennae are elbowed and composed of 
thirteen joints; the eyes are oval, and the ocelli are distinct. 
The larvae are destitute of feet, and live in the nests of Bees 
or Wasps, first destroying the original inhabitant, and then 
feeding upon the food that had been stored up for it. 

Ichneumon Flies (Ichneumonidse) . — These insects have the 
antennae long and composed of from fifteen to fifty joints, as 
the Ring Legged Pimpla (Fig. 134) and the Delicate Long 
Sting (Fig. 131), and are not usually elbowed ; the abdomen 
is usually long and slender (Fig. 131), the ovipositor is 
sometimes exserted, and is frequently as long and occasionally 
much longer than the body (Fig. 131). These insects are 

among the most beneficial insects 
known, as their larvae live within 
the bodies of caterpillars and other 
injurious larvae (as the Bracon Fly 
parasite, Fig. 185, which preys 
upon De Long's Moth), as well as in 
the bodies of many perfect insects, 
spiders, etc., ultimately causing 
their death. The larvae are footless, 
and usually spin cocoons wherein 
to undergo their transformations. 
Egg Parasites (Proctotrupidse). — These are minute insects 
with only a few veins in the wings (Fig. 186), frequently only 
one, and the antennae are sometimes elbowed ; the ovipositor 
of the female issues from the tip of the abdomen. They live 
in the larval state within the eggs, larvae or pupae of other 
insects. The perfect insects seldom exceed one twenty-eighth 
of an inch in length. 




58 



NATURAL HISTORY OF INSECTS. 



Brasslets or Ghalcis Flies (Chalcididse). — These are very 
small insects with elbowed antennae (as shown in Fig. 187), and 
frequently of a metallic color ; the wings are usually furnished 



Fig. 186. 




with but few veins (Fig. 188), sometimes only one, while a few 
species are destitute of wings ; the ovipositor of the female 
issues from the underside of the abdomen forward of the tip. 
The larvae are footless, and live in the eggs, larvae or pupae of 
other insects, while a few kinds live in galls or in fruits ; they 
do not usually spin cocoons before assuming the pupa form. 



Fie. 187. 




Gall Flies (Cynipidas). — These insects have the antennae 
composed of from thirteen to sixteen joints, and not elbowed ; 
the abdomen of the female is usually armed with a piercer. 
The larvae live in galls on plants, or in the larvae or pupae of 
other insects. 



CLASSIFICATION OF INSECTS INTO FAMILIES. 



59 




Saw Flies (Tenthredinidas). — In these insects the veins of 
the fore wings extend to the outer margin ; the antennae are 
not elbowed, as in the Native Currant Saw-fly (Fig. 189), the 

anterior tibiae have two 
spurs at the tip of each ; 
the abdomen is united to 
the thorax by nearly its 
whole width, the seg- 
ments of the abdomen 
are nearly of the same 
width, and the abdomen 
of the female is furnished 
with two saw-like instru- 
ments (Fig. 129), with which she punctures the leaves or 
tender stems of plants, where the eggs are deposited. The 
larvae are usually naked, and are provided with twenty or 
twenty-two legs (Figs. 44, 60, 136, 137 and 174). They usually 
live exposed upon the leaves of plants, but a few kinds live in 
galls. (For other examples of the perfect insects see Figs. 
15, 130 and 133.) 

Horn Tails (Uroceridse). — These insects are usually of a 
large size ; the veins of the front wings extend to the outer 
edge; the abdomen is more or less cylindrical, and in the 
males there is a long horn at the tip ; the ovipositor of the 
female is attached to the middle of the underside of the abdo- 
men, and extends far beyond its tip, and the anterior tibiae 
have a single spur at the tip. The larva? live in the trunks, 
etc., of trees, and are provided with only six legs, the pro-legs 
being obsolete, or nearly so. 



60 NATURAL HISTORY OF INSECTS. 

CHAPTER XIII. 
Order II. LEPIDOPTERA. (Butterflies and Moths.) 

The insects belonging to this Order are divided into two 
Sections, as follows : 

Section I. — Butterflies (Rhopalocera). — In these insects 
the antennae are filiform and terminate in a knob (Fig. 95), 
which is sometimes produced into a hook at the tip. 

These insects fly only in the day time, and are usually 
arrayed in bright colors ; the hind wings are generally colored 
as brightly as the fore ones ; when at rest the wings are 
usually brought together over the back, but some of the Skip- 
pers hold the hind wing stretched out or expanded when at 
rest. The larvae or caterpillars mostly live exposed upon the 
leaves of plants, but a few kinds live under a web, in a rolled 
leaf, or in a nest formed by fastening several leaves together 
with silken threads. They are provided with sixteen legs, 
but in a few kinds these are so small that in creeping the 
whole under surface of the body touches the object upon 
which the caterpillar is crawling. 

When about to assume the pupa form, the greater number 
suspend themselves in various ways ; others construct a sort 
of cocoon by fastening several leaves together with silken 
threads, and lining the interior with a thin layer of silk. 

The chrysalids of this latter class are usually smooth and 
cylindrical, but taper posteriorly ; the others are angular and 
more or less tuberculate. 

Section II. — Moths (Heterocera) .— In these insects the 
antennae never terminate in a knob, although it is frequently 
thickened toward the tip. 

These insects usually fly about only at night or in the eve- 
ning ; their colors are usually dull, mostly some shade of gray, 
and the hind wings are seldom colored as brightly as the fore 
ones, being usually of a dirty white or smoky color. When 
at rest the wings usually cover the back like a steep roof, the 
fore wings concealing the hind ones. 

A very few of the caterpillars (such as those of the Plume 
Moths) suspend themselves when about to pupate; but the 



CLASSIFICATION OF INSECTS INTO FAMILIES. 61 

greater number either spin cocoons, or enter the earth and 
form smooth cells in which to undergo their transformations. 

Section I. — Butterflies. (Rhopalocera.) 

These insects are divided into five Families, as follows : 
Swallow-tails (Papilionidx). — These Butterflies have the 
hind wings produced into a broad tail, and are hollowed out 
next the body (as the Turnus Butterfly, Fig. 190) ; the ante- 
rior pair of tibiae have a stout spur near the middle of each. 



Fig. 190. 




These Butterflies are usually of a large size, and the colors 
are mostly yellow and black. 

Their caterpillars live exposed upon the leaves (such as the 
caterpillar of the Turnus Butterfly, Fig. 49), sometimes spin- 
ning a web upon the upper surface of a leaf, upon which 
they rest when not feeding. When about to pupate they sus- 
pend themselves by the hind part of the body, and a transverse 
loop of silken threads passed around the fore part of the body. 

White and Yellow Butterflies (Pieridse). — These But- 
terflies have the hind wings rounded behind, or not tailed, and 
the inner margin is concave ; the anterior tibiae are destitute of 
a spur at the middle ; the colors are white and black (as those 
of the Imported Cabbage Butterfly, Fig. 191), or yellow and 



62 



NATURAL HISTORY OF INSECTS. 



black, sometimes tinged with green. Their caterpillers live 
exposed on the leaves (as those of the Imported Cabbage But- 
terfly, Fig. 192, a), and when about to pupate they suspend 
themselves by the hind part of the body and a transverse loop 
of silken threads (Fig. 192, b). They are generally naked or 
nearly so, and the color is usually green. 

Fig. 192. 





Four-footed Butterflies (Nymphalidee). — These Butter- 
flies usually have the hind wings rounded (as the Tawny 
Emperor Butterfly, Fig. 193, d), and the first pair of feet are 

Fig. 193. 




imperfect, being destitute of claws, and are never used in walk- 
ing ; the first pair of legs are folded up against the breast, like 
a tippet. The colors are usually brown and black, sometimes 
almost wholly black, or marked with whitish bands or borders. 
Their caterpillars are sometimes naked (as the caterpillar 



CLASSIFICATION OF INSECTS INTO FAMILIES. 



63 



of the Archippus Butterfly, Fig. 78), but are more often cov- 
ered with spines or bristles ; they usually live exposed upon 
the leaves, but several kinds live beneath a web. When about 
to pupate they suspend themselves by the hind part of the 
body (Figs. 79 and 80). The Archippus Butterfly (Fig. 81) 
belongs to this Family. 

Thecla and Copper Butterflies (Lycasnidse). — These are 
small butterflies of a blue, brown or black color, and in a few 
species the hind wings are furnished with one or two very 
slender tails ; the hind wings are hollowed out next the body, 
and the hind tibia? are furnished with only one pair of spurs. 

Their caterpillars live exposed upon the leaves of plants, and 
are usually naked, of a green color, and nearly destitute of 
feet. When about to pupate they suspend themselves by the 
hind part of the body, and a transverse loop of silken threads 
passed around the fore part of the body. 



Fig. 194, 




Skippers (Hesperidae).— These Butterflies have large heads 
and thick bodies; when at rest the hind wings are usually 
spread out, while the fore ones are brought together over' the 
back ; the middle tibia? are furnished with a pair of spurs" near 
the middle of each, and the hind tibia? usually have a pair of 
spurs at the middle and another pair at the tips : the claws at 
the end of the feet have a deep notch in the middle. 



64 



NATURAL HISTORY OF INSECTS. 



These insects fly with a -rapid, jerking motion; the colors 
are mostly black and brown. 

Their caterpillars are usually naked and spindle shaped, 
with the head much wider than the fore part of the first segment 
of the body ; they usually live between two or more leaves 
fastened together with silken threads. They pupate in their 
cases, and the chrysalids are smooth and taper at one end, 
and are usually covered with a bluish powder. 

Section II. — Moths. (Heterocera.) 

These insects are divided into nine Families, as follows : 
Hawk-moths (Sphingidge). — These moths have the body 
stout and spindle shaped ; the wings are strong, long and nar- 
row, and sometimes partly transparent ; the hind wings are 
usuallv not more than one half as long as the fore wings ; the 



Fig. 195. 




head is not sunken into the thorax ; the palpi are very stout 
and hairy, and are placed close together; the antenna? are 
usually prismatic and spindle-shaped, and are sometimes 
hooked at the tip. 

These moths fly mostly in the evening twilight ; their flight 
is strong and rapid, and they may frequently be seen hovering 
over flowers, like a humming-bird. 



CLASSIFICATION OF TNSECTS INTO FAMILIES. 



65 



Their caterpillars are naked and provided with sixteen legs, 
and sometimes have a spine or horn on the eleventh segment ; 



Fig. 196. 




they live exposed upon the leaves of plants. When about to 
pupate they either creep beneath the fallen leaves, etc., or else 
enter the earth and form smooth cells in which to undergo 

Fig. 197. 




their transformations. The Satellitia Sphinx and Caterpillar 
(Figs. 194 and 195), the Achemon Sphinx and Caterpillar (Figs- 

196 and 152), and the White-lined Sphinx and Caterpillar (Figs. 

197 and 198), are examples of this Family. 



66 



NATURAL HISTORY OF INSECTS. 



Clear-winged Moths {JEgeridse). — These insects have the 
body quite slender, and there is frequently a fan-shaped tuft 
at the tip ; the wings are narrow and usually partially trans- 
parent, and the hind wings are nearly as long as the front 

ones. 

Fig. 198 




These insects are diurnal in their habits, and quite closely 
resemble certain wasps, but the body is clothed with scales, 
and is not pointed behind. 

Their caterpillars are provided with sixteen legs, and usually 
live within the stems or roots of plants ; they pupate within 
their burrows. The Peach-tree Borer and Moth (Figs. 199 
and 200), and the Raspberry Borer (Fig. 201) are examples 
of this Family. 



Fig. 199. 



Vis. 201. 




Fig. 200. 





Wood Nymphs (Zygsenida). — In these insects the head is 
not sunken into the thorax, the palpi are slender, the wings 
are quite long and narrow, and the thorax is not tufted. The 
ground color is usually black or white. 

The larvse are provided with sixteen legs, and are usually 



CLASSIFICATION OF INSECT? INTO FAMILIES. 



67 



naked, but are sometimes more or less covered with hairs. 
Some kinds spin cocoons when about to pupate, but the 
greater number enter the earth, or burrow into soft wood, and 
form cells in which to undergo their transformations. The 




68 



NATURAL HISTORY OF INSECTS. 



Beautiful Wood Nymph (Fig. 17) ; the Eight Spotted Forester 
(Fig. 202), and the American Procris (Fig. 203), are excellent 
examples of this Family. 

Fig. 202. Fig. 203, 




Spinners (Bombycidse). — These moths are nocturnal in 
their habits ; the body is quite stout, the head is small and 
apparently sunken into the thorax, the antennae are frequently 

Fig. 205. 




CLASSIFICATION OF INSECTS [NTO FAMILIES. 



69 



pectinated, the palpi are very short, and the wings are usually 
quite large, but the females of a few species are wingless. 

Fig. 208. 




Their caterpillars are provided with sixteen legs, but in 
some these are very small, so that they appear to glide over 
the surface, like a slug ; in others the last pair are imperfect. 

Fig. 209. 




Some are naked, while others are clothed with hairs or spines. 
Some live exposed upon the leaves : others live beneath a web, 
or in a nest of leaves : a few oonstruct cases in which to 



70 



XATTTRAL HISTORY OF INSECTS. 



dwell, while a still smaller number live within the trunks of 
trees. The greater number spin cocoons in which to undergo 
their transformations. The Cecropia Moth and Caterpillar 
(Figs. 204 and 50) ; the Silk Worm and Moth (Figs. 205 and 
206); the Isabella Moth (Fig. 207), and the White Miller 
(Fig. 208), are examples of this Family. 

Fig. 210. 




* Z 

Owlet Moths (Noctuidse). — These moths usually have the 
thorax or abdomen tufted ; the head is not sunken into the 
thorax, the palpi are stout and well developed, the antennae 
are usually simple, and the wings are quite large. 

Fig. 211. 




Their caterpillars have from twelve to sixteen legs, and are 
usually naked, but a few kinds are covered with hairs. The 
greater number live exposed upon the leaves, but a few kinds 
live within the stems of plants, in the ground, or in decayed 
wood. A few kinds spin cocoons, but the greater number en- 
ter the earth to pupate. 



CLASSIFICATION OF INSECTS INTO FAMILIES. 



71 



The Corn Worm and Moth (Fig. 209) ; the Stalk Borer and 
Moth (Fig. 210) ; the Cabbage Plusia (Fig. 211) ; the Figure 8 
Minor Moth and its caterpillar, the Bristly Cut Worm (Fig. 
212), are examples of this Family. 

Fig. 212. 





Geometrid Moths (Phalsenidse). — These moths usually 
have long, slender bodies ; the thorax is never tufted, the legs 
are long and slender, the anterior tibiae are usually unarmed, 
and the hind tibia? are usually armed with one or two pairs of 
spurs. The head is small and free, or not sunken into the 



Fig. 214. 




thorax, the antenna? are usually simple, but sometimes pectin- 
ate ; the palpi are rather small and slender, the wings are 
usually triangular, broad and thin, and spread out in repose, 



rfi NATURAL HISTORY OF INSECTS. 

and the stigmata?* are wanting. In a few species the females 
are wingless. 

The caterpillars live exposed upon the leaves ; they are 
naked, and are provided with from ten to fourteen legs ; in 
walking, they arch up the middle of the body and bring the 
hind feet close up to the front ones, thus seeming to span or 
measure the surface over which they pass, on which account 
they are commonly called " Span-worms," or " Measuring- 
worms." When disturbed, they usually drop from their perch 
and hang suspended by a silken thread, and when they think 
the danger is past, they climb up the thread to their former 
position. They frequently hold the body stretched out and 
attached only by the hind feet, and while in this position may 
easily be mistaken for small twigs. 

Fig. 215. 





The greater number enter the earth to pupate, but some 
kinds spin their thin cocoons among the leaves, while others 
are said to suspend themselves. The specific names of those 
species the males of which have pectinate antenna?, usually 
terminates in aria, while the names of those having the an- 
tennae simple commonly terminate in ata. 

Fig. 216. 




The Currant Span Worm and Moth (Figs. 213 and 214) ; the 
Spring Canker Worm and Moth (Figs. 150 and 215) ; and the 
Fall Canker Worm and Moth (Figs. 151 and 216), are examples 
of this Family. 



* A term applied to the " orbicular" and " reniform" spots. (See Fig. 121.) 



CLASSIFICATION OF INSECTS INTO FAMILIES. 



(6 



Snout Moths (Pyralidas). — These moths have the body 
quite long and slender ; the antennae are not pectinate, the 
palpi are usually very long, and the legs are mostly unarmed. 

Fig. 217. 




The caterpillars are naked, and are usually provided with 
sixteen legs. They generally live in silken tubes or cases, in 
a nest of leaves, or in fruit. 

Fig. 218. 



Fig. 219. 





The Grape Leaf Folder (Fig. 217) ; the Clover Hay Worm 
(Fig. 218), and the Gooseberry Fruit Moth (Fig. 219) are ex- 
amples of this Family. 

Leaf-rollers (Tortricidss). — These moths are usually quite 
small ; the antennae are simple and short, the palpi arc very 
short, and the fore-wings are nearly of the same width through- 
out, and are usually considerably rounded on the front edge. 

The caterpillars are naked, and provided with sixteen legs : 
they live in a rolled leaf, or in a nest of leaves, and a few kinds 



74 



NATURAL HISTORY OF INSECTS. 



live in fruit. The specific names of these insects usually ter- 
minate in ana. 

Fig. 220. 




ol & e 

The Strawberry Leaf Roller (Fig. 220); the Cherry Leaf 
Roller (Fig. 221) ; the Bud Worm and Moth (Fig. 222), and 
the Codlin Moth (Fig. 223), are examples of this Family. 



Fig. 221. 



Fig. 223 




Fig. 222. 





Leaf-miners (Tineidse). — These moths are of small size; 
the body is slender, the wings are commonly pointed and 
heavily fringed, the palpi are usually long and curved in front 
of the head, and the antenna? are usually long and simple. 



Fig. 224. 



Fig. 225. 






The caterpillars are naked, and usually provided with six- 
teen legs, but in very small species there is sometimes a greater 
number of legs than sixteen, while some are wholly destitute 



CLASSIFICATION OF INSECTS TNTO FAMILIES. 



75 



of legs. Some kinds live in a rolled leaf, others live in mines 
in the leaves, while still others live in carpets, woolens, furs, 
seeds, etc. The specific names of these moths usually termi- 
nate in ella. 

The Potato Moth (Fig. 224) ; the Clothes Moth (Fig. 225), 
and the Grain Moth (Fig. 226), are examples of this Family. 

Plume Moths (Pterophoridx). — These moths are mostly of 
a small size, and may easily be recognized by having the fore- 
wings once or twice notched or cleft, to or near the base, and 
the hind wings are twice cleft. 

Fig. 227. 




The caterpillars usually live exposed upon the leaves of 
plants ; they are thinly covered with short, stiff hairs, and are 
provided with sixteen legs. When about to pupate they fasten 
themselves to some object by the under side of the hind part 
of the body. The chrysalids are usually angular and sparsely 
hairy. 

The specific names of these insects usually end in dacti/lns. 

The Grape Plume Moth (Fig. 227) is an example of this 
Family. 



76 NATURAL HISTORY OF INSECTS. 

CHAPTER XIV. 

Order III. DIPTERA. {Two-winged Flies). 

The insects belonging to this Order are divided into two Sec- 
tions, as follows : 

Section I. — Long-horned Flies (Nemocera). — In these in- 
sects the antenna? are usually long and composed of four or 
more joints. None of these flies are beneficial, while several 
species are sometimes very injurious. The pupa has the 
members inclosed in separate sheaths. 

Section II. — Short-horned Flies (Brachycera). — In these 
insects the antennae are short aAd from two to three jointed, 
although in a few kinds the last joint appears to be divided 
into two or more joints by impressed circles, but the difference 
between these circles and the true divisions is easily observed. 
These organs are sometimes bent down upon the face, and the 
last joint is frequently furnished with a short bristle ^arista), 
which is sometimes pectinate or plumose. Some of these 
insects are beneficial, but the greater number are injurious. 
The pupa sometimes has the different members inclosed in 
separate sheaths, but in the greater number the pupa is in- 
closed in the hardened skin of the larva. 

Section I. Long-horned Flies. (Nemocera.) 

Mosquitoes (Culicidee). — In these insects the mouth parts 
consist of six slender pieces or lancets. The larvse are aquatic 
and feed upon decaying vegetable matter. It is only the 
female mosquitoes that manifest the blood-thirsty propensity, 
the males being perfectly harmless (Fig. 228). 

Gall-gnats (Cecidomyidse'). — These insects are usually of 
small size ; the wings are furnished with three or four longi- 
tudinal veins, and when at rest are usually laid flatly upon the 
back. The greater number of these insects live in galls, but 
a few kinds live in decayed vegetable matter, and one species, 
which is closely related to the Wheat Midge, feeds upon the 
gall-inhabiting form of the Grape Phylloxera. This Family 
contains the Hessian Fly (Fig. 18), Wheat Midge (Fig. 229), etc. 



CLASSIFICATION OF INSECT? INTO FAMILIES. 



77 



Crane Flies (Tipulidx).— These insects are usually of a 
large size, and have very long, slender legs ; the wings usually 
have a discal cell, the ocelli are generally wanting, the tibia? 
are not beset with spines, although they are often spurred at 
the tip. In the genus Chionea the wings are wanting. The 
larva? usually live in the ground and feed upon the roots of 
plants, but in a few species they are aquatic. (See Figs. 8 

and 168.) 

Fig. 228. Fig. 229. 

w 






Fleas (Pulicidse).— These insects are destitute of wings, 
and the eyes are simple. This family contains the Fleas, etc. 
One species, the Chigoe, or Jigger, burrows beneath the skin of 
man and many animals. 

Section II. Short-horned Flies. (Brachycera.) 

Horse Flies (Tabanidse).— These insects have a perfect 
discal cell in their wings, the third longitudinal vein is forked, 
and the third joint of the antennas is destitute of a style, or 
bristle. The larva? are aquatic, or live in damp situations, and 
commonly feed upon snails, etc ; the pupa?, are naked (obtec- 
ted). The female flies subsist upon the blood of animals, 
while the males feed upon the nectar of flowers. The Black 
Horse Fly (Fig. 230) belongs to this Family. 

Syrphus Flies (Syrphidaf).— These flies have a perfect discal 
cell in each wing, the first posterior cell is closed, and there is 
'usually a spurious or false vein extending part way through 
the first basal and first posterior cells. These insects fly very 
rapidly, and sometimes balance themselves on the wing, like a 
hawk ; they are usually banded with yellow, somewhat like 



78 



NATURAL HISTORY OF INSECTS. 



a wasp. They feed upon the nectar of flowers. The larvae 
of a few species are aquatic, but the greater number are terres- 
trial and feed upon plant-lice ; one species, however, the Nar- 

Fig. 230. 




cissus Fly, is said to live in the soil, around decayed bulbs. 

The pupas are coarctate, and the slender anterior end of the 

larva becomes the thickened end in the pupa. (See Figs. 231 

and 232.) 

Fig. 231. 

. V / 

Fig. 232. 





Bot Flies {CEstridse). — These ^niesfusually have very small 
antennae, which are situated in rounded pits or depressions ; 
the mouth parts are small, and often rudimentary ; the body 
is stout and hairy, and the middle of the face is usually very 
narrow. The larvae live in the bodies of various animals, and 
enter the earth to pupate ; the pupae are coarctate. The female 
flies are usually oviparous, but one species, the Sheep Bot Fly 
(Fig. 233), is stated by Prof. Riley to be viviparous. The Ox 
Bot Fly (Fig. 234) and the Horse Bot Fly (Fig. 235) belong to 
this Family. 



CLASSIFICATION OF INSECT? INTO FAMILIES 



79 



House Flies (Muscidae). — These flies have the third joint 
of the antennae furnished with a style which is sometimes 
pectinate, or plumose, but is sometimes simple ; the longitu- 
dinal veins of the wings are not forked, and the proboscis 
usually ends in a fleshy lobe. The pupae are coarctate. 



Fig. 233. 



Fig. 234. 




In the Tachina Flies, the antennal style is simple, or not 
usually pectinate. These Flies (Fig. 236) are among the most 
beneficial of insects, since the larvae live within the bodies of 
caterpillars, etc., ultimately causing their death. 



Fig. 236. 



Fig. 235. 





Many kinds of flies have the antennal style either pectinate 
or plumose, such as the Blow Flies, Flesh Flies, House Flies, 
Stable Flies, etc. The larva- live in various situations, such 
as in excrements, in decayed animal or vegetable matter, in 
galls on plants, or in the roots, stems or leaves of plants, in 
fruit, etc., and are hence to be regarded as mostly injurious. 



80 NATURAL HISTORY OF INSECTS. 

One species, however, the Anthomyia calopteni, is eminently 
beneficial, as it feeds upon the eggs of those grasshoppers or 
locusts which deposit their eggs in the ground. The Flesh 
Flies (Fig. 23) bring forth their young alive. One of these 
flies has been bred from a wasp's nest which was filled with 
dead spiders. 



CHAPTER XV. 

Order IV. COLEOPTERA (Beetles). 

The insects belonging to this Order are divided into four 
Sections, according to the number of joints* in their feet ; these 
Sections are as follows : 

Section I. — Beetles with five-jointed feet (Pentamera.) (See 
Fig. 103.) 

Fig. 237. 

Fig. 238. 





Fier. 239. 




Section II. — Beetles with five joints in the anterior and 
middle feet, and only four joints in the posterior feet (Hetero- 
mera). (See Fig. 119.) 

Section III. — Beetles with four joints in all the feet (Tetra- 
mera) ; such as the Broad-necked Prionus Beetle (Fig. 237), 
and the Twelve-spotted Diabrotica (Fig. 238). 

*By the term " joint" is meant the node or part between two joints ; in this sense the part of 
the arm between the joints of the elbow and wrist, would be called a joint. The joints of the 
foot (tarsus) are numbered from the shin (tibia) ovitwards ; thus the joint next the shin is the 
first joint ; the one next to this the second etc. 



CLASSIFICATION OF INSECTS INTO FAMILIES. 81 

Section IV. — Beetles with only three-jointed feet (Trimera) ; 
such as the Trim Lady Bird (Fig. 239). 

Sectlon I. PENTAMERA. 

A few small insects are placed in this Section, which appar- 
ently have a less number of joints in their feet than five ; in 
these the first joint is aborted, or rudimentary; these species 
are included in the Sub-sections II and III, defined below. 

The insects belonging to this Section may be divided into 
six Sub-sections, as follows : 

Sub-section I. (Filicornes.)— Antennae thread-like (filiform), 
sometimes tapering to the tip (Fig. 94) ; habits predaceous. 

Sub-section II. (Clavicomes.) — Antenna? becoming thicker 
toward the tip (clavate, Fig. 92). These insects mostly feed 
upon decaying vegetable or animal matter. 

Sub-section III. (Monilicornes.) — Antennae bead-like (monil- 
iform); wing-cases very short. These insects usually feed 
upon decayed animal matter. 

Sub-section IV. (Pecticornes. ) — Antennae pectinate or comb- 
toothed (Fig. 102) ; they feed on decayed wood. 

Sub-section V. (Lamellicornes.) — Antennae lamellate (Figs. 
100 and 101). These insects feed upon excrements or on 
plants. 

Sub-section VI. (Serricornes.) — Antennae usually saw- 
toothed (serrate, Fig. 99). Some of these insects are preda- 
ceous, but the greater number live within the stems or branches 
of shrubs or trees. 

Sub-section I. (Filicornes.) 

The insects belonging to this Sub-section may be divided 
into two Tribes, as follows : 

TRIBE I. Predaceous Ground Beetles. — These insects 
are mostly terrestrial in their habits, and usually prey upon 
other insects ; the hind pair of trochanters are very large, 
much larger than in any other insects. 

These Beetles are divided into two Families, as follows : 

Tiger Beetles (Cicindelixhv).— These insects have the head 
nearly vertical and wider than the thorax ; the antenna- are 
6 



82 



NATURAL HISTORY OF INSECTS. 



inserted on the front, and the wing-cases are usually marked 
with white and yellow. 

The larva' are provided with six legs; they live in holes in 
the ground, and feed upon caterpillars and other insects. 

Fig. 240. Fig. 241. Fig. 242. 






Fig. 243. 



The Common Tiger Beetle (Fig. 240) ; the Generous Tiger 
Beetle (Fig. 241), and the Virginian Tiger Beetle (Fig. 242) are 
examples of this Family. 

Ground Beetles (Carabidx). — These in- 
sects have the head horizontal, or but little 
inclined, and usually narrower than the tho. 
rax ; the antenna' are inserted under the 
sides of the front, and the color is mostly 
black. 

The larva' are provided with six legs ; 
they live in theVground, beneath logs, etc, 
and feed upon other insects. The adults 
are usually predaceous, but one or two spe- 
cies have been known to feed upon the green seeds of various 
plants. The Gold-spotted Ground Beetle (Fig. 243) is an 
example of this Family. 

TRIBE II. Predaceous Water Beetles. — These insects are 
aquatic in their habits, and prey upon other insects. They 
comprise two Families, as follows : 

Divers (Dytiscidas). — In these insects the antennas are slen- 
der and filiform, and the hind pair of legs are widely separated 
from the middle pair. 

The larva? are provided with six legs. The Margined Water 
Beetle (Fig. 244)* belongs to this Family. 




* Fig. 244.— The larva («) and the pupa (b) are not those of the beetle figured at c ; cl is the 
anterior toot of a male ; e, that of a female. 



CLASSIFICATION OF INSECTS IXTO FAMILIES. 83 

Whirligig Beetles (Gyrinidx). — Those Beetles have the 
third joint of the antennae very large, and dilated on one side ; 
the eyes are divided in the middle ; the hind pair of legs 
are not further separated from the middle pair than the first 
pair are. 

Fig. 244. 




These insects are frequently seen swimming in circles upon 
the surface of the water. The larva? are six-legged, and 
usually have a row of long appendages on each side of the 
body. 

Sub-section II. (Clavicorne*.) 

These insects may be divided into two Tribes, as follows : 

TRIBE I. Water Scavenger Beetles. — These Beetles are 
aquatic in their habits, and usually feed upon decayed vege- 
table matter ; they generally have the antenna? strongly 
clavate, and the palpi are sometimes longer than the antennae. 
They belong to two Families, as follows : 

Long-toed Water Beetles (Parnidss). — These insects have 
the last joint of each foot very long, the feet sometimes are 
only four jointed, the palpi are moderate in length, and the 
legs are not fitted for swimming. 

The larva 1 are furnished with six legs, and the adults are 
usually found in moist or wet places. 



84 



NATURAL HTST0RY OF TNSECTS. 



Short-toed Water Beetles (Hydrophilidse). — In these 
Beetles the last joint of each foot is not much longer than the 
other joints; the palpi are very long, and the legs are usually 
fitted for swimming. 

Fig. 245. 




The larvae of a few species are predaceous, but the greater 
number of them feed upon decomposing matter ; they are pro- 
vided with six legs. The Triangular Water Beetle (Fig. 245)* 
belongs to this Family. 

Fig. 246. 




TRIBE II. Land Scavenger Beetles. — These insects are 
terrestrial in their habits, and feed upon decaying or dead 
animals, upon fungus, etc., and a few kinds are found beneath 
the bark of dead trees. They may be divided into two Sub- 
tribes, as follows : 

* The larva (a) and pupa (c) are not those of the beetle figured at b ; e is an egg case ; d, the 
same cut open ; /, an antenna ; g, anterior foot of a female ; h, same of a male ; i, side view of 
the spine on the breast. 



CLASSIFICATION OF INSECTS INTO FAMILIES. 



85 



Fig. 247. 



Sub-tribe I. — In these insects the body is rather broad, and 
the antenna are clavate or capitate, with three or more pieces 
in the club. The principal Families are as follows : 

Burying Beetles (Silphidx).— These insects are mostly of 
a large size, usually over half an inch in length ; the hind tro- 
chanters are large, and the thorax has a thin margin. 

These 'Beetles feed upon dead animals, which, if not too 
large, they usually bury in the earth, to serve as food for their 
young. The latter are flattened, and provided with six legs. 
The Black Burying Beetle (Fig. 246)* belongs to this Family. 

Museum Beetles (DennesticLx) .— These insects are less than 
half an inch long; the abdomen is 
covered by the wing-cases, and the 
breast is prolonged beneath the head. 

They feed upon dead animal matter 
including insects), and several kinds 
are sometimes very destructive to 
carpets. 

The larvae are usually hairy and 
provided with six legs. The Raw-hide 
Beetle (Fig. 247) belongs to this 
Family. (It is sometimes called the 
Bacon Beetle, from its habit of feeding 
on bacon, ham, etc.) 

Sub-tribe II. — In this division the body is more or less elon- 
gated ; the antennas are filiform or loosely clavate, sometimes 
with less than three pieces in the club. 

The insects belonging to this Sub-tribe are mostly preda- 
ceous. The principal Families are as follows : 

Trooosita Beetles (Troyositidx). — These insects have all 
the feet five-jointed, but the first joint is sometimes very 
small, so that it cannot be seen from above ; the colors are 
black or dull red; the club of the antenna consists of three 
joints, which are not conspicuously larger than the others ; 
the last joint of each foot is very long. 

These insects are usually found beneath the bark of trees, or 
in granaries, where they prey upon other insects. The larvae 
are six-legged. 

* Fig. 246.- a, the larva ; /, its upper jaw ; g, its lower lip ; h, its lower jaw ; j, its antenna ; 
k, anterior foot of the heetle. 




86 



NATURAL HISTORY OF INSECTS. 



Fig. 248. 




Fig. 249. 



Cucujus Beetles (Cucujidse). — These insects have the feet 
apparently four-jointed; the body is flattened; the antennae 
are usually moniliform, and the jaws usually 
project in a conspicuous manner in front of 
the head ; the color is brown or red. 

They are usually found under the bark of 
trees, but some kinds inhabit the granary, 
where they feed upon the grain, bran, etc. 
The larvae are provided with six legs. The 
Bran Beetle (Fig. 248) belongs to this Family. 

Sub-section III. (Monilicomes.) 

These insects mostly belong to the Rove Beetle Family 
(Staphylinidse) ; the wing-cases never cover more than one 
half of the abdomen (Fig. 249) ; the body is long 
and slightly flattened, and composed of eight 
segments; the jaws usually cross each other 
when at rest. 

These Beetles usually turn up their long 
flexible abdomens when running, and they use 
this in folding up their wings beneath the wing- 
cases. 

The greater number feed upon decaying 
animal and vegetable matter, but some are predaceous ; others 
live in the nests of ants ; while one species has been bred from 
the pupa of a Cabbage Maggot. 

The larvae (Fig. 172) are provided with six legs. 

Sub-section IV. {Pecti comes.) 

This Sub-section includes the single Family of Stag Beetles 
(Lucanidee), in which the antennae are usually elbowed (genic- 
ulate) ; the joints of the club are immovable, and the jaws 
of the males are greatly developed. 

These insects are usually of a large size, seldom measuring 
less than half an inch in length ; they feed upon the sap 
exuding from trees. 

The larvae live in decaying wood ; their bodies are usually 
curved when at rest, and they are provided with from four to 
six legs. 




CLASSIFICATION OF [NSECTS [NTO FAMILIES. 



:^7 



Sub-section V. {Lamellicomes.)* 

In these insects the joints in the club of the antennae are 
immovable. This Sub-section includes two Tribes of widely 
separate habits ; these are as follows : 

TRIBE I. — These insects usually have the abdomen entirely 
covered by the wing-eases, and the hind legs are attached 
behind the middle of the abdomen. 

These Beetles live in excrementitious matter, or in decom- 
posing animal matter. They are commonly called " Tumble 
Bugs," and comprise the Families Copridss, Aphodidse, Geotru- 
pidse and Trogidse. 

TRIBE II. — In this Tribe the tip of the abdomen is never 
covered by the wing-eases, and the hind pair of legs are placed 
at or before the middle of the abdomen. 

These Beetles feed upon fruits or the leaves of plants, and 
their larva 1 live in the ground and usually feed upon the roots 
of plants. The three principal Families are as follows : 

June Beetles (Melolonthidee.) — In these insects the thorax 
is unarmed ; the upper lip is usually visible in front of the 
clypeus : the latter is separated from the front by a transverse 
suture ; the two claws at the end of each foot are forked ; and 
the color is usually brown, sometimes striped with white. 



Fig. 251. 





Fig. 252. 




This Family includes the destructive White Grub (Lachnos- 
terna quercina, Pig. 139, 2), and ninny other insects which, in 
the larva state, i'eod upon the roots of plants, while the adults 
feed upon the leaves. 



Theinsects belongipg to this Sub-section are sometimes included in <>ne Family— the 
Scarabceidce. 



88 



NATURAL HISTORY OF INSECTS. 



The larvae have the body curved, and furnished with six 
legs. The Rose Chafer (Fig. 250), the Ten-lined Leaf Eater 
(Fig. 251, female ; Fig. 252, male), belong to this Family. 

Grape-vine Beetles (Rutelidse).— These insects closely 
resemble those of the preceding Family, but the claws at the 
end of each foot are of an unequal length ; all of the claws 
are not forked, and the colors are brown or blackish. 

Fig. 253. 




^=^ 



These insects are sometimes very destructive to the leaves 
of various trees, and especially to those of the grape-vine. 
The larvse are similar to those of the preceding Family, and 
usually live in decayed wood. The Spotted Pelidnota (Fig. 
253) belongs to this Family. 

Fig. 255. 

Fig. 254. 




Cetonians (Cetonidse). — These insects usually have the 
wing-cases flattened above, and slightly narrower at the tip 
than at the base ; the two claws at the end of each foot are of 



CLASSIFICATION OF INSECTS INTO FAMILIES. 



89 



the same length, and are not forked, and the clypeus is not 
separated from the front by a transverse suture. 

Many of these insects are diurnal in their habits, and do 
not raise the wing-cases when flying ; they feed upon the fruit 
or leaves of plants, and, in the larval stage (Fig. 255, a), a few 
species live in decayed wood. The Indian Cetonia (Fig. 254) 
and the Green Fruit Beetle (Fig. 255) belong to this Family. 

Sub-section VI. (Serricornes.) 

The insects which belong to this Sub-section are divided 
into three Tribes, as follows : 

TRIBE I. Saw-horned Borers. — In these Beetles the head 
is inserted into the thorax up to the eyes ; the wing-cases are 

Fig. 257. 
Fig. 256. 3^& 




of a hard, firm texture ; the antennae are sometimes filiform, 
and the breast is prolonged behind into a point, which is 
received in a cavity in the next segment. These insects com- 
prise two Families, as follows : 



90 



NATURAL HISTORY OK INSECTS. 



Buprestis Beetles (Buprestidae). — In these insects the 
point at the hind part of the breast is immovable ; the antennae 
are finely serrate, and the colors are usually metallic. 

The larva? usually have the fore part of the body greatly 
dilated and flattened (Fig. 54;, and the body is nearly or 
wholly destitute of legs ; they live in the stems, roots or 
trunks of plants, shrubs or trees, and are sometimes very 
destructive. One of these, the Flat-headed Apple-tree Borer 
(Fig. 138), is very destructive to various kinds of fruit trees. 
The Cherry-tree Borer (Fig. 256) and t,he Raspberry Borer 
(Fig. 257) belong to this Family. 



Fig. 259. 




Spring Beetles (Elateridse). — In these insects the point at 
the hind end of the breast is movable ; the antennas are some- 
times filiform, and the colors are usually brown or black. 

They are at once distinguished from all other insects by 



CLASSIFICATION OK INSECTS INTO FAMILIES. 



91 



the power they possess of suddenly springing into the air 
when placed on their backs upon any hard, smooth surface. 

The larvae live in decayed wood or in the ground, and are 
provided with six or seven legs, and are commonly known as 
" Wire-worms " (Fig. 258, 7, 8 and 9) ; some kinds feed upon 
the roots of various plants, but a few species are partially pre- 
daceous. The Skip-jack Beetles (Fig. 258, 2, 3 and 6,) and 
the Black Melanactus (Fig. 259)* belong to this Family. 

TRIBE II. Aberrant Wood Beetles. — These insects usually 
have the head bent down and partially or wholly concealed 
beneath the thorax, which is frequently prolonged in front ; 
in some the body is elongated, the head is free and exposed, 
and the first segment is very long. 

These insects live in wood, both in decayed wood and in 
that which is solid, and a few species feed upon dead animals 
and are injurious to cabinets of Natural History. The follow- 
ing is the principal Family : 

Branch Borers (Ptinidze). — These insects have the fore 
part of the thorax produced like a hood, partially or wholly 
concealing the head when viewed from above ; the first seg- 
ment of the abdomen is very long ; there is sometimes only 
four joints in the feet, and the color is usually black or brown. 



Fig. 260. 



Fig. 262. 




The larva? have the body curved, and furnished with six 
legs. The Branch and Twig Burrower (Fig. 260), the Branch 
Borer (Fig. 261), and the Red-shouldered Grape-vine Borer 
(Fig. 262) belong to this Family. 

TRIBE III. Soft-winged Beetles.— These insects usually 
have soft bodies and thin flexible wing-eases ; the antennae are 

The larva figured at a and h are supposed to belong to this species, and appears after night 
as a Glow-worm, showing a heautiful green light. 



92 



NATURAL HISTORY OP INSECTS. 





generally serrate; the terminal joint of the palpi is widened 
and somewhat triangular ; the thorax is usually surrounded 
by a thin margin • and the fourth joint of each foot is bilobed. 

These insects are predaceous, both in the larva and in the 
perfect state ; the larvae usually have the body nearly straight 
and provided with six legs. The following is the principal 
Family : 

Lightning Beetles (Lampyridas, also called " Fire-flies"). — 

In these Beetles the body is rather soft, and the thorax has a 

thin margin which 
Fig. 263. , . 8 

sometimes proj ects 

over the head ; the 

abdomen has seven 

or eight segments ; the 

color is usually black 

Kx^ or brown, and some 

d kinds have the thorax 

margined with red or yellow. Many of these Beetles possess 

a luminous power, both as larva and as perfect insects. The 

Common Fire-fly (Fig. 263) belongs to this Family. 

Section II. HETEROMERA. 

The insects belonging to this Section are very uniform in 
having only four joints in the posterior feet; as a whole 
they are not eminently injurious. They may be divided into 
three Tribes, as follows : 

TRIBE I. Parasitic Beetles. — In these insects the head is 
as wide as the thorax, and attached to it by a visible neck; 
the body is rather soft, the wing-cases flexible and the ante- 
rior coxaB meet each other (are contiguous). The two princi- 
pal Families are as follows : 

Blister Beetles (Meloidee). — These insects have the tho- 
rax rounded at the sides; the abdomen is not distinctly 
pointed behind; and the claws at the end of each foot is 
forked. 

The larvse are usually provided with six legs, and live in the 
nests of Bees, or in the egg-masses of such Grasshoppers or 
Locusts as deposit their eggs in the ground ; the perfect insects 
feed upon the leaves or flowers of plants. 



CLASSIFICATION OF INSECTS INTO FAMILIES. 



93 




The insects belonging to the genus, Mela', are destitute of 
hind wings. 

Several species belonging to the genera Lyita, Caniharis, 
Epicauta, etc., possesses a blistering {vesicating) property, and 
to this group belongs the common Spanish Fly. The Striped 
Blister Beetle (Fig. 19) and the Ash-colored Blister Beetle 
(Fig. 86) belong to this Family. 

Notoxus Beetles {Anthicidse). — These are small insects, a 
little over two lines long, with filiform antennae ; the claws are 

Fig. 264. not forked ; the thorax is sometimes prolonged 
in the form of a horn (Fig. 264), which projects 
over the head : the neck is usually slender, and 
the head can be moved to either side from under 
the extension of the thorax. These beetles have 
been known to feed on flowers, and have been 
found eating into peaches, apricots, etc. 

TRIBE II. Bark Beetles. — In these insects the fore coxae 
nearly or quite touch each other ; the head is narrower than 
the thorax, and the antennas are usually quite long and 
slender. The larvae live in decayed wood. The two principal 
Families are the Cistelidte and the Melandryidse. 

TRIBE III. Ground Beetles. — In these insects the ante- 
rior coxas do not touch each other, there are five joints in the 
abdomen, the antennae are usually moniliform, and the color 
is generally black or brown. 

Fig. 265. 



Fig. 266. 




The larvae are more or less cylindrical, and provided with 
six legs ; they closely resemble the larvse of the Spring-beetles, 
commonly called "Wire-worms;" the greater number live in 



94 



NATURAL HISTORY OF INSECTS. 



decayed wood, but some kinds, such as the Meal Worm (Fig. 
265, a,) are found in granaries, flour mills, etc. 

They are all included in the Family of Darkling Beetles 
( Tenebrionidse). The Large Darkling Grape Beetles (Fig. 119), 
the Meal Worm Beetle (Fig. 265, c), and the Small Darkling 
Grape Beetle (Fig. 266), belong to this Family. 

Section III. TETREMERA. 

In this Section the joints of the feet are usually dilated and 
brush-like, and the next to the last joint is usually bilobed ; 
there is occasionally in some small species a rudimentary joint 
between the third and fourth joints. 

This Section contains a greater number of injurious insects 
than all the other Sections combined. They are divided into 
four Tribes, as follows : 

TRIBE I. — These insects have the head more or less pro- 
longed into a snout ; the antennae are usually capitate, some- 
times clavate or serrate, and frequently elbowed. 

The two principal Families are as follows : 



Fig. 267. 




Bruchus Weevils (Bruchidas). — In these insects the snout 

is short and thick, the antenna? are 
serrate and not elbowed, and the 
eyes are notched. 

These insects are of small size, 
and the wing-cases do not cover the 
tip of the abdomen. 

The larvae are footless, and usu- 
ally live in seeds. To this Family 




CLASSIFICATION OF [NSECTS INTO FAMILIES. 



95 



belong the well known Pea-weevil (Fig. 267), and the Bean 
Weevil (Fig. 268). 

Snout Beetles (Curculionidae). — These Beetles are destitute 
of an upper lip and palpi ; the antennae are clavate and usually 
elbowed; the snout generally projects downward, and is some- 
times very long and slender. 



Fig. 270. 



Fig. 269. 





The larva 1 are footless, and are provided with a distinct 
head; they live in fruits, nuts, seeds, etc.; in fact, there is 
scarcely a single part of a plant that is not sometimes infested 
by them. 



Fig. 271. 




Fig. 272. 




In depositing her eggs, the female first gnaws a hole with 
her jaws, which are placed at the tip of her snout, then 
deposits her egg at the entrance of this hole, after which she 
turns around and, with her snout, pushes the egg to the bot- 
tom of the hole. The Plum Curculio (Fig. 269), the Apple 
Curculio (Figs. 270 and 271), the Quince Curculio (Fig. 272), 
the Plum (longer (Fig. 273), the Potato-stalk Weevil (Fig. 



96 



NATURAL HISTORY OF INSECTS. 



274). and the Strawberry Crown Borer (Fig. 275), belong to 
this Family. 



Fig. 273 



Fig. 275. 




TRIBE II. Short-horned Borers. — In these the head is 
not prolonged into a snout ; the body is usually short and 
cylindrical ; the antennas are clavate or capitate, and but little 
longer than the head ; and the joints of the feet are not dilated. 

These insects are of small size, and usually of a black or 
brown color. The larvae bore winding galleries in the solid 
wood and are frequently very destructive, especially to forest 
trees. These insects belong to the Family of Short-horned 



Fig. 276. 




Fig. 277. 




Borers {Scolytidse). The Pear-tree Scolytus (Fig. 276) and the 
Chestnut Bud Beetle (Fig. 277) belong to this Family. 

TRIBE III. Long-horned Borers. — In these insects the 
body is elongated and the antenna? are long and tapering, 
usually longer than the thorax, and frequently as long as the 
entire body ; the males usually have longer antennas than the 
females. The sides of the thorax are generally furnished with 
spines or teeth. 

A few of these Beetles have very short wing-cases, like the 
Rove Beetles, but the wings are not folded up and concealed 
beneath the wing-cases, as they are in the latter insects. 



CLASSIFICATION OF INSECTS IXTo FAMILIES. 



97 



The larvae (Fig. 278, a,) arc footless, or nearly so, and live 
in the stems or branches of various plants, shrubs or trees, 
while a few live in decayed wood. 

Fig. 278. 






These insects belong to the Family of Long-horned Borers 
(Cerambycidas), and are among the most destructive of insects. 
Hidden as they are from the eyes of man, they carry on their 
silent work of destruction unnoticed, until the withering plant 
apprises us of the presence of these destructive depredators. 

Fig. 281. 



Fig. 279 




The Round-headed Apple-tree Borer (Fig. '278, c), the Hickory 
Borer (Fig. 281), the American Currant Borer (Fig. 280), and 
the Locust-tree Borer (Fig. 279) are examples of this Family. 
TRIBE IV. Plant Beetles.— These are mostly small 
Beetles, seldom exceeding half an inch in length ; the antennae 
are either filiform or slightly elavate. 
7 



98 



NATURAL HTSTORY OF INSECTS. 
Fig. 282. 




They are usually diurnal in their habits. The larva? live 
upon or within the leaves or roots of plants ; they are provided 
with six legs, and the body is usually short and convex. 

Fig. 283. 



Fig. 284. 





Fig. 285. Fig. 286. 

1 Vj .. . 





These insects are all destructive to vegetation ; they belong 
to the Family of Plant Beetles (Chrysomelidse). The Colorado 
Potato Beetle (Fig. 282), the Steel-blue Flea-beetle (Fig. 283), 



CLASSIFICATION OF INSECTS INTO FAMILIES. 



99 



the Imported Grape Flea-beetle (Fig. 284), the Cucumber and 
Potato Flea-beetles (Fig. 285), the Striped Cucumber Beetle 

Fig. 287. Fig. 288. 





Fig. 289. 



(Fig. 286), the Twelve-spotted Diabrotica (Fig. 238), and the 
Tortoise Beetles (Figs. 287 and 288), belong to this Family. 

Section IV. TRIMERA. 

These insects are usually of a small size and more or less 
hemispherical in form ; the last joint of the palpi is broadly 
hatchet-shaped; the joints of the feet are dilated and cushion- 
like beneath, and the second joint is deeply bilobed. 

These insects belong to the Lady- 
bird Family (Coccinellida ). and 
their colors are usually red or black, 
never, or very seldom, marked with 
stripes. They all prey upon Plant- 
lice, Scale Insects, small caterpil- 
lars, etc., although in a very few 
instances, they have been known to 
attack fruit (as the California Lady-bird, Fig. 289), but this 
habit is very exceptional. 

The larvae are furnished with six legs, and when about to 
pupate they attach themselves to some object by the hind part 

Fig. 290. 





of the body. The Fifteen-spotted Lady-bird (Fig. 290) is a 
good representative of this Family. 



100 



NATURAL HTSTORY OF INSECTS. 



CHAPTER XVI. 

Order V. HEMIPTERA. {True Bag.,.) 

Sub-order I. Homoptera. (Similar-winged Bugs.) 

Plant-lice (Aphididm). — These insects are usually pro- 
vided with four transparent wings, but many of them are 
wingless; the feet are two-jointed; the antennae are from 
three to seven jointed, and are never terminated by two 

Fig. 291. 




bristles ; the abdomen is usually provided with two tubercles, 
or long tubes, near the posterior end, and the beak appears to 
arise from the breast. These insect are usually of a small 

Fig. 292. 




size; they subsist upon the juices of plants, and are found 
upon the roots, stems and leaves, and a few species form galls. 
The} r are usually gregarious in their habits, and the early 
broods of many species are viviparous, while the last broods 
of the season are oviparous. 



CLASSIFICATION OF INSECTS INTO FAMILIES. 



101 



From their honey-tubes they occasionally eject a sweet 
fluid, of which the ants and flies are very fond. The Cabbage 
Aphis (Fig. 24), the Grain Aphis (Fig. 291), and the Woolly 
Aphis (Fig. 292) belong to this Family. 

Mealy- winged But4s (Alcurodidx). — These insects have 
four opaque wings, which are covered with a mealy powder ; 




the feet are two-jointed, and the beak apparently arises from 
the breast; the antennae are six-jointed. These insects are of 
small size, and feed upon the juices of plants. 

Scale Insects (Cocaefoe). — In these insects, which are 



102 



NATURAL HISTORY OF INSECTS. 

Fig. 294. 




Fig. 295. 




CLASSIFICATION OK INSECTS INTO FAMILIES. 



L03 



sometimes called "Bark-lice," the females (Fig. 293, lc,) are 
wingless, while the males (Fig. 293, la,) are each provided 
with two more or less transparent wings ; the feet are one- 
jointed and terminate in a single claw. Some species are ovi- 
parous, while others are viviparous. The Lemon-peel Scale 
(Fig. 293), the Black Scale (Fig. 294), and the Cottony Cushion 
Scale (Fig. 295) belong to this Family. [For additional 
examples see Chapter on Scale Insects.] 

Jumping Plant-lice (Psyllidee). — The insects belonging to 
this Family are of small size, and have four transparent wings ; 
the feet are two jointed ; the antenna? are nine or ten jointed, 
the last joint terminating in two short bristles; the beak 



Ffo 296. 



Fig. 297. 




Fig. 298. 



apparently arises from the breast. These insects possess the 
power of jumping ; they subsist upon the juices of plants, and 
a few species live in galls. The Pear-tree Psylla (Fig. 296, 
adult; 297, pupss,) belongs to this Family. 

Leaf-hoppers (Cercopidse). — These insects are provided 
with four wings, the first pair of which are thick and leathery ; 
the feet are three-jointed ; the ocelli 
are only two in number, or are entirely 
wanting ; and the antennae are two-joint- 
ed. In a few species the thorax arises in 
the form of a hump or a horn, or like a 
high crest ; in others it is produced each 
side in the form of a small horn (as in 
the Buffalo Tree-hopper, Fig. 155). 
These insects subsist upon the juices of 
plants, and a few kinds envelope them- 
selves in a mass of froth called " frog-spittle." The California 
Grape-vine Hopper (Fig. 298) belongs to this Family. 




104 



NATURAL HISTORY OF INSECTS. 




Lantern Flies (Fulgoridte). — These insects are Fig. 299. 
provided with four wings, the first pair of which 
are usually opaque ; the feet and antennae are 
three-jointed, and the head is sometimes furnished 
with a high, thin ridge ; the two ocelli are placed 
beneath the eyes. The Frosted Leaf-hopper (Fig. 
299) belongs to this Family. 

Harvest Flies (Cicadidse). — These insects, inrproperly 
termed " Locusts," are provided with four large transparent 
wings; the feet are three-jointed; the antennas small, and six 
or seven jointed, and on the top of the head are three ocelli. 
These insects are of a large size ; they deposit their eggs in 
slits made in the twigs of trees (Fig. 300, d), and the young. 

Fig. 300. 




when hatched, drop to the ground, which they enter and are 
supposed to feed upon the roots of plants. One species, the 
Seventeen-year Locust (Fig. 300), requires seventeen years to 
complete its growth. 



CLASSIFICATION OF INSECTS INTO FAMILIES. 105 

C H A P T E K X V I I . 

order V. HEMIPTERA. (True Bugs.) 

Str-order II. Heteroptera (Dissimilar-winged Bugs.) 

Water Boatmen (Notonectidte). — These insects have con- 
vex bodies and are provided with four wings ; the hind legs 
are very long and fringed ; the antennae are minute and con- 
cealed in cavities ; the feet are two or three jointed ; the ocelli 
are wanting, and the head is nearly as wide as the body. 

These insects reside in the water and are predaceous in their 
habits ; they seldom exceed six lines in length. 

Water Scorpions (Nepidm). — These insects have very Hat 
bodies and are furnished with four wings ; the anterior legs 
are fitted for grasping, and are placed well forward ; the 
antenna? are minute and are concealed in cavities ; the feet 
are one or two jointed, and the ocelli are wanting. 

These insects are aquatic, and feed upon other insects ; they 
are usually of quite a large size. 

Galgula Bugs (Galgididse). — In this Family the body is 
broad and flat and provided with four wings ; the antenna 1 
are minute and concealed in cavities ; the eyes are placed at 
the outer end of a stem or pedicel ; the ocelli are present ; the 
feet are one or two jointed, and the anterior thighs are enlarged. 

These insects live in damp situations, and are supposed to 
feed upon other insects ; they are usually smaller, although of 
nearly the same form, as the enlarged figure in Fig. 304. 

Water Measurers (Hydrometridcv). — These insects have 
a long slender body, and are usually provided with four wings, 
but in a few species these organs are wanting ; the antennas 
are quite long and slender ; the ocelli are sometimes wanting ; 
the feet are two or three jointed, and the four posterior legs 
are usually very long and slender. 

These insects are aquatic, and the adults may frequently be 
seen running over the surface of the water; they feed upon 
other insects and are usually less than six lines long. 

Pirate Bugs (Reduvidas). — In this Family the body is 
usually elongated and provided with four wings, but in a tew 



106 



NATURAL HISTORY OF INSECTS. 



species these are either rudimentary or entirely wanting ; the 
antenna? are conspicuous ; the ocelli are present ; the feet are 
three jointed ; and the beak when folded back is not received 
in a channel. 

A few species are aquatic, but the greater number are terres- 
trial and feed upon other insects. The Banded Robber (Fig. 
154) belongs to this Family. 

Chinch Bugs (Lygssidse). — These insects are provided with 
four wings ; the antenna? are conspicuous and four-jointed, 
the terminal joint being as thick as the preceding one ; the 
ocelli are sometimes absent. 

These insects are terrestrial and usually subsist upon the 
juices of plants, but a few species are said to be predaceous. 
The Chinch Bug (Fig. 85) is sometimes very destructive to 
wheat and corn ; it is of a black color with white wings which 



Fig. 301. 




are marked with a black spot on the outer edge of each. The 
False Chinch Bug (Fig. 301) also belongs to this Family. 

Squash Bugs (Coreidse). — These insects are furnished with 
four wings ; the antenna? are conspicuous and four jointed, 
the terminal joint being as thick or thicker than the pre- 
ceding one ; the ocelli are present. 

These insects are terrestrial and usually subsist upon the 
juices of plants, but a few species are said to 
be partially predaceous. The Squash Bug 
(Fig. 163) is sometimes very destructive to _ p _ 
squash and pumpkin vines ; it is blackish- 
brown above and dirty yellowish beneath, and 
measures about seven lines in length. The 
Three-striped Plant-bug (Fig. 302) also be- 
longs to this Family. 



Fig. 302. 




CLASSIFICATION OF LNSECTS INTO FAMILIES. 



!<>< 



Fig. 303. 




Fig. 304. 




Plant Bugs (Capsidaz). — These insects are terrestrial and 
are provided with four wings; the ocelli 
are absent; the antennae are four jointed, 
with the terminal joint thinner than the 
preceding one. 

These insects mostly Bubsist upon the 
juices of plants, but a few species are pre - 
daceous. The Bordered Plant-bug (Fig- 
803) belongs to this Family. 

Soldier Bugs (Scutelleridse). — These insects usually have 
a broad and flattened body, and are furnished with four wings ; 
the scutellum extends to or beyond the 
middle of the abdomen ; the antennas are 
conspicuous and are from three to five 
jointed. 

The greater number of these insects feed 
upon the juices of plants, but a few species 
feed upon other insects. The Spined Sol- 
dier Bug (Fig. 114) and the Negro Bug (Fig. 304) belong to 
this Family. 

Thrips ( Thripidse). — These insects are of 
a small size, and are provided with four nar- 
row wings, which are fringed; the mouth is 
furnished with jaws; the ocelli are present; 
and the antennas are from five to nine 
jointed. 

Some of these insects are vegetable feeders, 
while others are said to prey upon other in- 
sects. The Common Thrips (Fig. 161, adult ; 
Fig. 305, pupa,) belongs to this Family. 

Bed Bugs (Membranaceid^). — In this Family the body is 
quite broad, and is sometimes provided with four wings, but 
these organs are frequently wanting ; the beak is received in 
a channel when not in use ; the ocelli are usually wanting, the 
antenna? are usually four jointed, with the terminal joint 
thicker than the preceding one ; the feet are three jointed. 

Some of these insects subsist upon the juices of plants ; 
others are predaceous ; while a few, like the Bed Bug, are par- 



Fig. 305. 




108 



NATURAL HTSTORY OF INSECTS. 



asitic. The Tingis (Figs. 306 and 307, enlarged) belongs to this 
Family ; it subsists upon the juices of plants. 

Fig. 306. 





Lice (Pediculidse). — These insects are of a small size and 
are destitute of wings ; the antennae are filiform and five 
jointed ; the feet are two jointed, with a large terminal hook ; 
and the mouth parts are retractile. 

These insects, so far as at present known, all live parasiti- 
cally upon man. 

Bird Lice (Mallophagidx). — These insects are of a small size 
and are destitute of wings ; the mouth is furnished with jaws ; 
the antennae are from three to five jointed ; the feet are two 
jointed, and usually terminate in one or two claws. 

These insects live parasitically upon birds and animals. 



CHAPTER XVIII 



Order VI. ORTHOPTERA. {Grasshoppers, Crickets, etc.) 

This Order is usually divided into four Sections, as follows : 

I. Runners (Cursoria). — In this Section the body is not 
greatly elongated, and the legs are fitted for running. 

II. Graspers (Raptoria). — The insects which belong to 
this Section have the anterior legs very robust and fitted for 
seizing and retaining their prey, which consists of other 
insects. 

III. Walkers (Ambulatoria). — These insects have long 



CLASSIFICATION <>F INSECTS INTO FAMILIES. 1 < M 

cylindrical bodies, which are destitute of wings ;* the Legs are 

very long and slender, and the insects arc very sluggish in 
their habits. 

IV. Jumpers (Saltatoria). — These insects have the poste- 
rior thighs very robust; they usually move by short jumps or 
leaps; the greater number are provided with four wings, but 
a few species are destitute of these organs. 

I. Runners (Oursoria). 

This Section contains two Families, as follows : 

Earwigs (Forficularidae). — These insects have a more or 
less cylindrical body, which is furnished at the tip with a 
forceps-like appendage; the wing-cases are very short, and 
meet each other in a straight line on the back ; the hind wings 
when not in use are folded both lengthwise and crosswise, and 
concealed beneath the wing-cases. 

These insects (Fig. 41) feed upon various kinds of fruits and 
flowers ; they deposit their eggs beneath stones, etc., and in a 
few species the female broods over them, like a hen, until they 
are hatched. 

Cockroaches (Blattidse). — The insects which belong to this 
Family have a flattened bod} T , which is destitute of the anal 
forceps that characterizes the insects belonging to the preced- 
ing Family. In some species both sexes are wingless in the 
adult state ; in others the males are provided with wings, while 
the females have these organs greatly aborted ; and in still 
others, both sexes are furnished with wings. 

These insects are nocturnal in their habits, and are some- 
times very troublesome about the kitchen, etc. The female 
deposits her eggs in a large elongated brown capsule or pod, 
each capsule containing about thirty eggs, arranged in two 
rows. 

II. Graspers ( Rapt or i a). 

This Section is composed of the Mantis Family (Mantidae, 
Fig. 142); they are the only insects belonging to this Order 
which are beneficial. They deposit their eggs in masses of a 

* Winged species occur in some tropical countries. 



110 



NATURAL HISTORY OF INSECTS. 



hundred or more (Fig. 308), fastening them to the twigs of 
trees or to other objects. 

Fig. 308. 




III. Walkers (Ambvlatoria). 

This Section includes the single Family of Walking-sticks 
(Phasmidx). These insects feed upon the leaves of plants, and 
sometimes occur in destructive numbers. The females scatter 
their eggs indiscriminately upon the ground beneath them. 

IV. Jumpers (Saltatoria). 

This Section comprises three Families, as follows : 
Crickets (Ghryllidse). — These insects have a more or less 
cylindrical body, and the anterior or upper wings are bent 
downward suddenly at the sides, although in a few species the 
wings are entirely wanting. 

The Mole Crickets have the anterior pair of legs very robust 
and flattened at the outer end ; they are provided with wings, 
and live in burrows in moist ground. The eggs are laid in 
large cavities excavated in their burrows. 

The Tree Crickets (Fig. 309) are of a pale greenish color ; 

they are very slightly built, and 
are found upon various kinds of 
plants. The females deposit 
their eggs in slits made in some 
tender plant by means of their 
awl-like ovipositors. The males produce a shrilling noise by 
elevating their anterior wings and rubbing the edges together. 
The Field Crickets are mostly of a brownish color, and 
many of them are entirely destitute of wings ; they deposit 
their eggs in crevices in the earth. 

Katydids, or Green Grasshoppers (Locustidee) . — These 
insects (Fig. 141) are usually of a green color ; their legs and 



Fig. 309. 




CLASSIFICATION OF rNSECTS INTO FAMILIES. Ill 

antenna' arc very long and slender, and the females are fur- 
nished with a sword-shaped ovipositor. The eggs are depos- 
ited in one or more rows upon 
the leaves or twigs ol trees or ^_ 

plants ( Fig. 310). The males 
make a shrilling noise by 

means of a glassy instrument, situated at the base of the ante- 
rior wings. 

Locusts, or Brown Grasshoppers (Acrid ids?). — These 
insects have shorter and stouter legs and antenna' than those 
belonging to the two preceding Families. They are mostly of 
a brownish color, and deposit their eggs in masses in holes 
excavated in the earth (Fig. 39), or in logs; these holes are 
excavated by the aid of the horny plates which are situated at 
the tip of the abdomen. 

The males of a few species make a stridulating noise by rub- 
bing their hind legs against the edges of the wing-covers ; others 
produce a rattling sound, when on the wing, by rubbing the 
upper surface of the wings against the wing-cases. 

These insects may be further divided into two Sub-families, 
as follows : 

Grouse Locusts (Tettiginse). — This group contains insects 
of a small size, in which the upper part of the thorax is pro- 
longed backward nearly to the tip of the abdomen, and some- 
times beyond it. 

True Locusts (Acridinsc). — In this group the upper part of 
the thorax extends but little, or not at all, upon the base of 
the abdomen (Fig. 89). This group contains the more promi- 
nent injurious species, such as those which migrate in vast 
flocks or swarms. 



CHAPTER XIX. 
Order VII. XEUROPTERA. {Dragon Flies, May Flics, etc.) 

White Ants (Termitidas). — These insects are provided with 
four wings of equal size; the antenna; are conspicuous, and 
the feet are four jointed ; transformations incomplete. The 



112 NATURAL HISTORY OF INSECTS. 

common White Ant is of a yellowish-white color, and is some- 
times injurious to growing trees by gnawing the bark near the 
roots, but is more often met with in decayed wood. 

Fungus Flies (Psocidas). — These insects are usually pro- 
vided with four wings (Fig. 144), of which the hind pair is 
the smallest ; in some, however, all the wings are rudimentary, 
while in others these organs are entirely wanting ; the feet are 
from two to three jointed ; and the antennas are conspicuous ; 
transformations incomplete. These insects usually feed upon 
dry vegetable substance, especially upon lichens, and a few 
kinds are injurious to collections of Natural History. 

Perla Flies (Perlidse). — These insects have four wings of 
equal size, or the hind wings are the broadest ; all the wings 
are sometimes rudimentary ; the antenna? are very long, and 
the feet are three jointed; in many species there are two long- 
bristles at the posterior end of the abdomen ; transformations 
incomplete. The larva? of the greater number of these insects 
are aquatic. 

May Flies (Ephemeridse). — The insects belonging to this 
Family usually have four wings, but the posterior pair are some- 
times wanting ; the mouth parts are obsolete ; the antenna? 
are short and three jointed, and the abdomen is usually fur- 
nished at the tip with two or three slender bristles ; the feet 
have from four to five joints ; transformations incomplete. 
After issuing from the pupa the insect is usually enveloped in 
a thin film ; it is now known as the sub-imago ; it soon casts 
off this filmy covering and appears in the perfect (imago) state. 
The larva? are aquatic, and feed upon other insects, etc. ; they 
are supposed to remain from two to three years in the larva 
state, although the adults live but a few hours. These flies 
quite closely resemble the Ichneumon Flies (Fig. 131), but 
their antenna? are much shorter, and their bodies weaker. 

Dragon Flies (Libelhdidx ; also called Odonata). — These 
insects are provided with four wings of nearly equal size (Fig. 
143) ; the antenna? are inconspicuous, and from four to seven 
jointed ; the feet are three jointed, and the abdomen is destitute 
of anal bristles ; transformations incomplete. The larva? are 
aquatic, and feed upon other insects ; they have a peculiar 



CLASSIFICATION OF INSECTS i\TO FAMILIES. 113 

syringe-like apparatus, beneath the posterior part of the body, 

by which they are enabled to draw in a small quantity of 

water and then to forcibly eject it backward, thus propelling 

them forward at a rapid rate. 

These insects are divided into two groups, viz : 

Agrioninas, in which the head is very broad ; the eyes wide 

apart; and the wings, when at rest, are raised over the back. 
IAbellulinss, in which the head is nearly globular; the eyes 

usually touch each other ; and the wings are expanded when 

at rest (Fig. 143). 

Sialis Flies (Sicdidee). — These insects are provided with 
four wings of nearly equal size ; the antennae are conspicuous, 
and the feet are four or five jointed ; transformations com- 
plete. The larvae are predaceous ; some are aquatic, while 
others live upon trees, etc. In some species the pupa is capa- 
ble of moving about, although enveloped in a thin covering or 
skin. 

Lace-winged Flies {Hemerobidx). — The insects belonging 
to this Family have four wings of nearly equal size; the 
antennae are long, and the feet are five jointed; transformations 
complete. The larvae are usually terrestrial. This Family 
contains many beneficial insects ; prominent among which are 
the Lace-winged (Fig. 22) and the Golden-eyed Flies, the 
larvae of which (Fig. 47) feed upon Plant-lice; when full 
grown each of these larvae spins a globular cocoon, inside of 
which it assumes the pupa form ; when the perfect insect is 
nearly ready to emerge, the pupa issues from the cocoon and 
fastens itself to a neighboring object by its feet ; in a short 
time the skin on its back is rent, and the perfect insect makes 
its escape. Another member of this Family is the Ant-lion, 
the larva- of which excavate funnel-shaped holes in the earth 
in which to entrap their prey, which consists principally of 
Ants. 

Scorpion Flies (Pan orpidas) .—These insects are usually 
provided with four wings of equal size, but in a few species 
the wings are rudimentary or wanting ; the antennae are con- 
spicuous, and the feet are five jointed; transformations com- 
plete; the mouth parts are produced somewhat in the form of 
8 



114 NATURAL HISTORY OF INSECTS. 

a beak. The larva? are usually terrestrial, and are probably 
predaceous. 

Caddis Flies (Phryganidse). — These insects have four 
wings, in which the transverse veins are very few ; the antennae 
are quite long, and the feet are five jointed; the mouth parts 
are not distinct ; transformations complete. The larva? are 
usually aquatic, living in silken tubes, to which they frequently 
attach small shells, pieces of wood, and other small objects- 
They feed upon vegetable matter, and sometimes devour 
small insects. 



CHAPTER XX. 
Scale Insects. 

The Scale Insects. Scale-bugs. Bark-lice. Mealy Bugs, etc., 
comprise a group of insects belonging to the Sub-order Hom- 
optera, and to the Family Coccidce. 

In many respects this is a very anomalous group of insects, 
differing greatly even from closely allied forms, in appearance, 
habits and metamorphosis. Xot only do the members of this 
Family appear very different from other insects belonging to 
the same Sub-order, but there is a wonderful variety of forms 
within the Family : and even the two sexes of the same spe- 
cies, in the adult state, differ as much in appearance as insects 
belonging to different Orders. 

The most obvious characters in which these insects agree, 
and by which they may be distinguished from other insects 
belonging to the same Sub-order, are the following : The 
females never possess wings ; the males are winged in the 
adult state, but possess only one pair of wings, the second pair 
being represented by a pair of small club-like organs called 
" halteres." each usually furnished with a bristle. The scale 
of the female is usually broader than that of the male in the 
scale-bearing species. This Family is divided into three Sub- 
families, as follows : 

Sub-family I. (Diaspinse.) — These insects are enclosed or 
covered by a scale composed in part of the moulted skins 
(exuviae) and partly of an excretion of the insect : this scale 



SCALE INSECTS. 11") 

does not adhere to any part of the insect"? body, but forii 
covering or protection to the latter. 

Sub-family II. (Leeaminas.) — These insects are not usually 
enclosed in a scale, but the skin hardens as the in- 
approaches maturity. In the earlier part of their lives th - 
insects are capable of crawling about, but when nearly mature 
they generally become immovably fixed to the bark. etc.. upon 
which they rest. 

Sub-family III. (Coccinx.) — These insects usually retain 
the power of locomotion from the time they are hatched until 
they die of old age or some other cause : some species, how- 
ever, are destitute of legs, and are enclosed in a felt-like sac. 

Sub-family I. [Diospinae. \ 

The following table will serve to aid in ascertaining the 
Genus to which any species of this Sub-family belongs : 

A. — Scale of female circular, with the exuviae either central 
or. near the margin. 
B. — Scale of male but little elongated, with the exuviae more 
or less central ; scale usually resembling that of the 
female in color and texture. - Aspidiotus. 

BB. — Scale of male elongated, with the exuviae at one 
extremity. 

C. — Scale of male, white and carinated - - Diat 
CC. — Scale of male not white, and with no central carina. 

Parlatoria. 
AA. — Scale of the female elongated, with the exuviae at one 
extremity. 
D. — Exuviae small. 

E. — Scale of male, white and carinated. - Chionaspis. 
EE. — Scale of male similar in form to that of the female. 

MytUaspis. 
DD. — Exuviae large. 

F. — Scale of female, with two moulted skins visible. 

Parlatoria. 
FF. — Scale of female with second moulted skin covered 
by a secretion. - - - - - JJhU. 



116 



NATURAL HISTORY OF INSECTS. 

Genus Aspidiotus (Bouche). 



This genus includes species in which the scale of the female 
is circular, or nearly so, with the exuviae at or near the center ; 
and the scale of the male is somewhat elongated, with the 
larval skin at one side of the center, or near one extremity > 
in color and texture it resembles the female scale. The last 




■At 



segment of the female usually presents four groups of spinner- 
ets ; in a few species there are five or six groups, and in some 
they are wanting. Examples— the Red Scale (Fig. 159), the 



SCALE INSECTS 



11' 



Lemon-peel Scale (Fig. 293), and the Red Scale of Florida 
(Fig. 311). 

Genus Diaspis (Costa). 

This genus includes species in which the scale of the female 
is more or less rounded, with the exuviae at the center or upon 
the sides ; the scale of the male is long, white, carinated, and 
with the exuviae at one extremity. The last segment of the 
female presents five groups of spinnerets. 



Fig. 312. 




This genus closely resembles Aspidiotus in the form of the 
scale of the female, but it is easily distinguished from that 
genus by the scale of the male being white and carinated. 
Example — the Rose Scale (Fig. 312). 

Genus Chionaspis (Signoret). 

This genus includes species in which the scale of the female 



118 



NATURAL HISTORY OF INSECTS. 



is long, sometimes much widened, with the exuviae small and 
at one extremity ; the scale of the male is long, generally 
white, more or less carinated (except in C. ortholobis), with 
the sides parallel and the larval skin at the anterior end. 
The last segment of the female presents five groups of spin- 
nerets. 

Fig, 313. 




This genus resembles Diaspis in the form of the scale of the 
male, and Mytilaspis in the form of the scale of the female ; in 
most species, however, the scale of the female is wider than in 
Mytilaspis. Example — the Scurfy or Harris' Scale (Fig. 313). 

Genus Mytilaspis (Targioni — Tozzetti}. 

This genus includes species in which the scale of the female 
is long, narrow, more or less curved, and with the exuviae at 



SCALE INSECTS. 



119 



the anterior extremity. The scale of the male resembles that 
of the female in form, but it can be readily distinguished by 
its small size, and by bearing but one larval skin. In all the 
species of Mytilaspis which I have studied, the posterior part 




(about one fourth) of the scalejof the male is joined to 
the remainder by a thin portion, which serves as a hinge, 
allowing the posterior part to be lifted when the male 
emerges. Example — the Citrus Scale (Fig. 314). 



Genus Parlatoria (Targioni — Tozzetti). 
The scale of the female is either circular or elongated, with 



120 



NATURAL HISTORY OF INSECTS. 



Fig. 315. 



the exuviae large and at the anterior end. The scale of the 
male is elongated, with the sides nearly 
parallel and the exuviae at the anterior 
| end ; there is no carina on the middle of 
I the back, this part being seldom higher 
J) than the sides. 

The margin of the last segment of the 
female is crenulated and fringed with toothed scale-like plates ; 
there are only four groups of spinnerets. Example — Per- 
gande's Orange Scale (Fig. 315). 




Fig. 316. 



Genus Uhleria (Comstock). 

This genus includes species in which, upon the scale of the 
female, only one larval skin is visible at the anterior 
extremit}' ; the second skin is present, but it is 
entirely covered by secretion. This skin is large, 
covering the insect entirely. 

The scale is narrow at its anterior end ; it soon 
widens, and the sides are parallel throughout the 
greater part of its length. The three anterior 
groups of spinnerets are united, forming a con- 
tinuous line. The scale of the male is similar to 
that of the female, but smaller. A small and unimportant 
genus, formerly known as Fiorinia. Example — the Camellia 
Scale (Fig. 316). 




Sub-family II. (Lecaninse.) 

Genus Ceroplastes. 



The species belonging to this genus are furnished with a 
thick covering of waxy material, which does not, however, 
adhere closely to the insect. This covering is formed of layers 
secreted by the spinnerets. Some of the species have tuber- 
osities upon the back which are larger or smaller, according 
to the age of the insect, and which entirely disappear at full 
growth, when, from being more or less flat with tuberosities, 
they become smooth and globular. The antenna? are six- 



SCALE INSEl TS. 



121 



jointed, the third heing the longest. In the larva state the 
fourth and fifth appear as one. The legs are long ; the claw is 




-- 




furnished with four digitules, of which the two shortest are 

very large and horn-shaped. The male of this genus is not 
known. Examples — the Florida Scale (Fig. 317) and the 
Barnacle Scale (Fig. 318). 



Genus Pulvinaria (Targioni). 

This genus is not well defined. It was erected for those 
species of Lecaninae, in which the females, after fecundation, 
secrete below, and at the posterior end of the body, a mai 



122 



NATURAL HISTORY OF INSECTS. 



cottony material which forms a nidus for the eggs. Example 
—the Cottony Maple Scale (Fig. 319). 

Fig. 319. 




Genus Lecanium. 

This genus includes those species which are naked and, at 
first, boat-shaped, taking on, however, after impregnation 
very diverse forms, from nearly flat to globular. Examples — 

Fig. 320. 



Fig. 321. 






•arrx. M 



the Black Scale (Fig. 294), the Filbert Scale (Fig. 320), and 
the Soft Orange Scale (Fig. 321). 



SCALE [NSECTS. 123 

Sub-family III. (Coccinx.) 

Genus Keemes (Targioni — Tozzetti). 

These insects have the body perfectly globular, or with a 
slight incision for insertion on the twig or branch. On an 
external examination no trace of antennae, legs, or even mouth 




parts are to be observed, and the insect presents precisely the 
appearance of a gall. Chiefly found on Oak trees (Fig. 322). 

Genus Rhizococcus (Comstock). 

Antennas of larvae and of the adult female seven jointed; 



124 NATURAL HISTORY' OF INSECTS. 

ano-genital ring with eight hairs ; tarsi of both male and 
female each with four digitules ; margin of body of young and 
of female in all stages, fringed with tubular spinnerets, which 
are covered with a waxy excretion. Adult male with a single 
ocellus behind each eye, and a pair of bristles on each side of 
the penultimate abdominal segment, each pair supporting a 
long white filament excreted by numerous pores at its base. 
The fully developed female makes a dense sac of waxy matter, 
within which the eggs are laid, and the shriveled body of the 
insect remains. The full-grown male larva makes a similar 
sac within which it undergoes its metamorphosis. Example 
— the Norfolk Island Pine Scale. 

Genus Dactylopius. 

The antennae of the females are six jointed in the larva, and 
eight jointed in the adult; the male larva has seven jointed 
antennae ; the tarsi are furnished with four digitules, and the 

Fig. 323. 

Fig. 324. 





anal ring with six hairs. Examples — the Mealy Bug with 
long threads (Fig. 323), and the Destructive Mealy Bug (Fig. 
324). 

Genus Pseudococcus (Westwood). 

This genus is very near Dactylopius, and nearly all the char- 
acters are identical. In the adult female, however, the antennae 



BENEFICIAL INSECTS. 125 

are nine jointed, those of the female larva being six jointed 
and of the male larva seven jointed. The tarsi are not pro- 
vided with the long digitules, except in Pseudococcus hederse. 

Genus Coccus. 

The species of this genus may be distinguished from Dacty- 
lopius and Pseudococcus by the following characters : 

The antenna? are seven jointed in the adult female, six 
jointed in the female larva, and five jointed in the male larva. 
The legs are very slender ; the anal ring is destitute of hairs : 
the eyes are smooth, and there are two ocelli. Example — 
the Cochineal Insect. 

Genus Icerya (Signoret). 

Antennae eleven jointed ; body covered with a cottony mat- 
ter of several shades of color, and with a secretion of still 

longer filaments ; skin with rounded spinnerets and 
Fig. 325. .,? n .. j t_ . . 2 , 

with long scattered hairs ; antennas ot nearly same 

size throughout their whole length, and with a long 
pubescence ; the digitules of the claws are elonga- 
(fflffifo 7 ted and buttoned, those of the tarsi appear as 
simple hairs ; genital apparatus terminating in a 
tube internally, with a reticulated ring, and with- 
out hairs at its extremity. Antenna? of the larva 
six jointed, with a very long pubescence, and with 
four hairs upon the last joint much longer than 
the others ; lateral lobes of the extremity of the 
abdomen with a series of three very long, frequently interlaced 
bristles. Example — the Cottony Cushion Scale (Figs. 295 
and 325). 




CHAPTER XXI. 

Beneficial Insects. 

The greater number of insects feed upon the various parts of 
plants, and are therefore termed " injurious ;'' others feed upon 
decaying animal or vegetable matter, and are called " scaven- 



126 NATURAL HISTORY OP INSECTS. 

gers ; " still others feed upon insects, especially on those 
which are injurious to plants, and, by thus aiding us in get- 
ting rid of these pests, are termed "beneficial insects." Some 
of this latter kind seize their prey with their jaws, somewhat 
as a cat catches a mouse, and are hence called " predaceous." 
To this class belong the Tiger Beetles, which may frequently 
be seen running over the ground during the hottest part of the 
day. The one most often met with is the Common Tiger 
Beetle (Fig. 240), which is of a dull purplish color above, and 
a bright brassy-green underneath ; on each wing-case are three 
irregular whitish spots. Another species which quite closely 
resembles the above is the Generous Tiger Beetle (Fig. 241), of 
a dull purplish color, marked with white as in the figure. 
The Virginian Tiger Beetle (Fig. 242) is of a dull brownish 
color. All of the Tiger Beetles have filiform antennae, and 
their feet are five jointed. The larvae of the Tiger Beetles are 
provided with six legs, and live in holes in the earth. They 
feed upon Cut-worms and similar insects. 

The Ground Beetles also prey upon Cut-worms and other 
insects, and, like the Tiger Beetles, have filiform antennae and 
five jointed feet; but, unlike them, they have horizontal 
instead of vertical heads. The Gold-spotted Ground Beetle 
(Fig. 243) is of a brownish color, and on each wing-case are 
three rows, of sunken gold-colored spots. 

Another group of predaceous insects are the Lady-birds, 
which have only three joints in their feet. These insects feed 
upon Plant-lice, Scale Insects, small caterpillars, etc ; the 
larvae (Figs. 328, a, and 332, a,) are provided with six legs, and 
when fully grown they suspend themselves by the hind part 
of the body ; the skin on the back soon splits open and the 
pupa (Fig. 328, b), by alternately elongating and shortening 
its body, works the old skin backward until it covers only the 
posterior part of the pupa, where it is permitted to remain ; 
in due time the skin on the back of the pupa is rent and the 
pefect beetle (Fig. 328, c,) comes forth. 

One of the largest kind is the F'fteen-spotted Lady-bird 
(Fig. 290) ; it varies in color, from dirty brown to cream color, 
and the wing-cases are usually marked with fifteen black dots, 
but the color and markings vary, as shown in the figure 



BENEFICIAL INSECTS. 



127 



(Fig. 290, d, e, /and g). The wing-cases of the Thirteen-spot- 
ted Lady-bird (Fig. 326) are of a reddish-brown color, and are 
marked with thirteen black dots. The wing-cases of the Ten- 
spotted Lady-bird (Fig. 327) are of a pinkish color, and are 



Fig. 326. 



Fig. 327. 



Fig. 328. 



Fig. 329. 







M: 



marked with ten black dots. The Convergent Lady-bird (Fig. 
328, c,) has the wing-cases yellowish-brown, and marked with 
twelve black dots. The Nine-spotted Lady-bird (Fig. 329) 
has the wing-cases of a yellowish-brown color, marked with 
nine black dots. The Icy Lady-bird (Fig. 330) has the wing- 
cases of an orange-yellow color, marked with from four to six 
black dots. The Trim Lady-bird (Fig. 239) has the wing- 
cases of an orange-yellow or orange-red color, and unmarked. 
The California Lady-bird (Fig. 289) differs from the Trim 
Lady-bird by having a white spot on each of the front corners 
of the thorax — the Trim Lady-bird having the thorax mar- 
gined in front and at the sides with yellow. The Twice- 



Fig. 330. 



Fig. 331. 



Fig. 332. 





stabbed Lady-bird (Fig. 331) is entirely black, with the excep- 
tion of a deep red spot on each wing-case. The Painted Lady- 
bird (Fig. 332, c,) is of a pale yellow color, with a black stripe 
on each wing-case : the two stripes being connected by two 
black bands. 

The Mantis (Fig. 142) also feeds upon other insects : the 
female deposits her eggs in large masses (Fig. 308), and the 
young closely resemble the parents, with the exception of 



128 NATURAL HISTORY OF INSECTS. 

being destitute of wings ; they do not pass through a quiet 
pupa stage, but continue active during their entire lives. 

The Soldier Bugs (Figs. 114 and 154) feed upon caterpillars 
and other insects by impaling them upon their beaks and then 
leisurely extracting their juices. These bugs do not pass 
through a quiet pupa' state, but continue active from the time 
they issue from the eggs until they die of old age or some 
other cause. They do not confine their attacks to insects, 
but also occasionally feed upon the juices of plants. 

The larvae of the Lace-winged Flies (Fig. 47) feed upon 
Plant-lice and similar insects. After reaching their full 
growth, each one spins, in some sheltered place, a globular 
cocoon, and is soon after changed into a pupa ; in due time 
the pupa comes out of its cocoon and fastens itself to some 
neighboring object, when the skin on its back soon splits open 
and the perfect fly (Fig. 22) makes its escape. The female fly 
deposits her eggs upon the tips of slender thread-like stems 
(Fig. 22). 

The larva of the Syphus-fly (Fig. 231, a,) also feeds upon 
Plant-lice and similar insects. It is entirely destitute of legs, 
and after reaching its full growth it attaches itself to the stem 
of a plant, or some other object, and soon contracts to a pupa 
(Fig. 231, 6), from which the perfect fly (Fig. 231, c), in due 
time, makes its escape. In pupating, the narrow tapering end 
of the larva becomes the thickened end of the pupa. 

Many kinds of Wasps, such as the Rust-red Wasp (Fig. 183, 
a), provision their nests with caterpillars, flies, or other 
insects, to serve as food for their young. Some kinds build 
nests of mud (Fig. 181) ; others of a papery substance (Fig. 
183, b) ; still others build their nests in holes in the ground, 
in decayed wood, or in the stems of plants. The larva 3 or 
young of these Wasps are entirely destitute of legs. 

There is a group of insects which, in the larva state, live within 
the eggs, larvae or pupse of other insects, ultimately destroy- 
ing them ; they are commonly called " parasitic " insects. The 
Ichneumon Flies (Figs. 40, 131 and 134) belong to this class. 
The female deposits her eggs in the larva? or pupa? of other 
insects in which her progeny are to live ; from these eggs are 
hatched small footless grubs, which feed upon the internal 



BENEFICIAL INSECTS. 



129 



parts of the larva and pupa in which the eggs from which 
they were produced had been deposited by the provident 
mother. After reaching their full growth some kinds assume 
the pupa form within the larva or pupa in which they have 
lived, and the flies, after issuing from the pupa, gnaw holes 
through the skin of the larva or pupa and make their escape. 
The larva? of several kinds, however, first gnaw their way out 
of the larva or pupa in which they have lived, and then each 
one spins a cocoon around its body; sometimes they spin a 
mass of flossy silk, and then crawl into this and spin their 
cocoons. Occasionally only one parasitic larva lives in a 
larva or pupa, but sometimes several dozen inhabit one pupa 

Fig. 333. 




or larva. When the egg is deposited in the body of a larva, 
the larva sometimes assumes the pupa form before the para- 
sitic Ichneumon Fly issues. 

Fig. 334. 




The Chalcis Flies form another group of insects which live 
parasitically in the eggs, larvae or pupa; of other insects ; they 
are verv small, and their wings are provided with but few 
9 



130 NATURAL HISTORY OF INSECTS. 

veins (Figs. 333 and 334). They live principally in the eggs 
of other insects, and many kinds infest various kinds of Scale 
Insects and Plant-lice. 

Another class of parasitic insects is the Tachina Flies (Fig. 
236). These flies attach their white eggs to the bodies of 
caterpillars, etc., and the larvae which hatch from these eggs 
gnaw their way into the body of their victim ; here they 
remain until reaching their full growth, when they gnaw their 
way out and drop to the ground, which they enter and form 
smooth cells ; they do not cast their skins before pupating, 
but these contract and harden, thus supplying the place of a 
cocoon. At the proper time the perfect fly (Fig. 236) issues 
and makes her way to the surface of the earth. This fly very 
closely resembles the common House Fly, but may at once 
be distinguished by the slender bristle on the last joint of the 
antennae being naked, whereas, in the House Fly this bristle is 
pectinate, like a feather. 



CHAPTER XXII. 
Collecting' and Preserving Insects. 

A cabinet of some kind is almost indispensable to the 
student of Entomology ; in it he should place as many differ- 
ent species of insects as he may be able to obtain from time 
to time, both by collecting and by exchanging specimens with 
friends. 

One of the chief requisites for successful collecting is a net. 
The accompanying figure (Fig. 335) illustrates the frame work 
of a very convenient net, such as is used by Professor Riley, 
and its construction is thus described by him: "Take two 
pieces of stout brass wire, each about twenty inches long ; 
bend them half circularly and join at one end by a folding- 
hinge having a check on one side (6). The other ends are bent 
and beaten into two square sockets ( /) which fit to a nut sunk 
and soldered into one end of a brass tube (d). When so fitted 
they are secured by a large-headed screw (e) threaded to fit 
into the nut-socket, and with a groove wide enough to receive 



COLLECTING AND PRESERVING INSECTS. 



131 



the back of a common knife blade. The wire hoop is easily 
detached and folded, as at c, for convenient carriage; and the 
handle may be made of any desired length by cutting a stick 
and fitting it into the hollow tube a, which should be about 
six inches long." 

Fig. 335. 




A bag of fine gauze or mosquito netting (the finer and 
stronger the better) should be sewed to a piece of cloth 
fastened around the wire frame. 

Another simpler but less convenient frame (Fig. 336) is thus 
described by Professor Sanborn : a Make a loop of strong iron 
or brass wire, of about three sixteenths of an inch in thick- 
ness, so that the diameter of the lOop or circle 
will not exceed twelve inches, leaving an inch or 
an inch and a half of wire at each end bent al 
nearly right angles. Bind the two extremities 
together with smaller wire (a), and tin them by 
applying a drop of muriate of zinc, then holding 
it in the fire or over a gas flame until nearly red 
hot, when a few grains of block tin or soft solder 
placed upon them will flow evenly over the whole 
surface and join them firmly together. Take a 
Maynard rifle cartridge tube, or any other brass tube of similar 




132 



NATURAL HISTORY OF INSECTS. 



Fig. 



dimensions (6) ; if the former, file off the closed end, or per- 
forate it for the admission of the wire, and, having tinned it 
in the same manner on the inside, push a tight fitting cork 
half way through (c) and pour into it melted tin or soft 
solder and insert the wires ; if carefully done you will have a 
firmly constructed and very durable foundation for a collect- 
ing net. The cork (c) being extracted, will leave a convenient 
socket for inserting a stick or walking cane to serve as a 
handle." 

By attaching a gauze bag to this frame a very handy net 
will be produced. 

For capturing the night-flying moths, 
many collectors practice what is commonly 
known as " sugaring." This consists of ap- 
plying to the trunks of trees, or to strips of 
cloth attached to the tree, some sweet, attract- 
ive and stupefying preparation, such as dilu- 
ted molasses, or brown sugar, and rum. 
This is spread upon the trees, etc., in the 
evening, and by examining these places with 
a lantern at intervals throughout the night, 
many moths which could not otherwise be 
obtained may be collected. 

After capturing an insect intended for the 
cabinet, the next step is to kill it in such a 
manner as not to injure its form or cloth- 
ing. For killing most insects the cyanide 
bottle (Fig. 337) will be all that is needed. 
This is prepared by putting into a large- 
mouthed bottle a quantity of the cyanide 
of potassium (pulverized) equal to a small 
marble, but the quantity to be issued will 
depend upon the size of the bottle ; pour into 
the bottle just enough water to dissolve the 
cyanide, and when this is dissolved drop plas- 
ter of paris into the solution until all of 
the latter is absorbed ; now place the bottle in the hot sun, 
or subject it to artificial heat, until thoroughly dry inside, 
after which wipe out the inside with a dry rag or piece of 



Fig. 338. 



COLLECTING AND PRESERVING INSECTS. 133 

paper; now cork the bottle tightly, and in a day or two it 
will be ready for use. When an insect is thrown into a bottle 
prepared in this way, and the bottle corked up tightly the 
fumes of the cyanide will destroy the insect's life in a 'vein- 
short time. Great care should be exercised in using the cya- 
nide,, as it is deadly poison when taken internally, although 
no serious effect has ever been known to follow the inhaling 
from the cyanide bottle prepared as directed above, notwith- 
standing its well known effects upon insect life 

Those insects which are too large to be placed into the 
yanide bottle may be killed by the use of chloroform. For 
this purpose a small and stout bottle, with a 
brush inserted in the cork (Fig. 338), will be 
founds very serviceable. By moistening the 
abdomen of the insect with this liquid its life 
will soon be destroyed. 

For killing very small and delicate insects. 
they may be caught in wooden boxes, when, 
by applying the chloroform to the outside of 
the box, they will soon become stupefied. 

Butterflies, moths and similar insects 
should not be carried in the cyanide bottle 
after they are dead, since by rolling around 
in the bottle, they become more or" less de- 
nuded of their scales, or otherwise disfigured ; 
as soon as dead they should be taken out of 
the bottle and pinned into a cork-lined box 
constructed for this purpose. 
In pinning beetles the pin should be thrust through the 
right wing-case (Fig. 339, a,) so as to come out between the 
insertion of the middle and the 
hind pair of legs ; bugs should be 
pinned through the scutellum (Fig. 
339. b) ; all other insects should be 
pinned through the thorax. 

In pinning insects for the cabi- 
net, entomological pins, made ex- 
pressly for this purpose, should be 
used; these are made of different si zes ranging from 1 to Id. 




Fig. 339. 




134 



NATURAL HISTORY OK INSECTS. 



the lowest numbers the finest. The No. 2 pins will answer 
most ordinary purposes. About one third of the length of the 
pin should be allowed to project above the insect's back. 

Small insects, one fourth of an inch in length and under 

should be gummed to pieces of 
lg ' ' card-board or to thin plates of 

v/\/\/\/Vvv \ mica, through which the pin is 

' afterwards thrust. These are 

sometimes cut into square pieces, but the better way is to cut 
the edge into small wedge-shaped teeth, as in Fig. 340. 

For gumming insects upon card-board, etc., Spaulding's 
liquid glue may be used ; or in its stead the following prepar- 
ation may be used, and is to be preferred : 

Pulverized gum tragacanth, three drams ; pulverized gum 
arabic, one dram; corrosive sublimate, one grain; mix, and 
add a little water. 

For spreading out the wings of butterflies, etc., a setting- 
board of some sort should be used ; one that is simple in its 
construction and answers every purpose is shown at Fig. 341. 
It is made of two pieces of soft 
pine boards (the softer the bet- 
ter) about half an inch thick, 
one and a half inches wide, and 
of any convenient length ; these 
should be fastened to upright 
blocks about one and one half 
inches high at each end, and 
tapering to one and one sixth 
inches high at the middle. In 
fastening the two upper pieces to these, leave a space between 
the upper pieces wide enough to admit the insect's body ; a 
strip of cork or pith is then glued over this space on the 
under side, and the work is completed. 

Fig. 342. 



Fig. 341. 




For stretching out the wings, and for many other purposes, 
a needle stuck into a wooden handle (Fig. 342) will be found 
useful ; this is made by splitting off a piece of pine wood three 



COLIjECTING AM) PRESERVING [NSECTS. 135 

or four inches long, then forcing into one end of it the eye end 
of a common sewing needle ; now whittle down the handle to 
a convenient size and shape (Fig. 342) and the instrument is 
completed. 

For retaining the wings of the insects on the setting board 
in their proper position, strips of card-board should be pinned 
over them (Fig. 341), using common short, sharp-pointed pins 
for this purpose. 

The setting-board may then be suspended upon the wall, or 
it may be placed in a box covered with fine wire gauze or 
strainer cloth, which will admit plenty of air, while at the same 
time preventing small insects from gaining access to the 
specimens. The latter should remain upon the setting-board 
for at least a month, when they are ready for the cabinet. 

Cases for exhibiting insects in, may be made in the form of 
a shallow box having a tightly fitting lid, in the back of which 
is fastened a pane of clear glass ; they may be of any con- 
venient size, and about two and a half inches deep, inside 
measurement. The bottom should be lined with thin strips of 
cork or dry pith, into which to thrust the pins ; if pith is used 
it should first be boiled, to extract the saccharine matter. 

If the collection is to be a very extensive one, the cases to 
contain it may be constructed in the form of two shallow 
boxes facing each other, and fastened together on one side 
with hinges, and on the other with hooks and staples; 
they will then open and shut like a book, and when not in use 
may be packed away in any convenient place. The boxes may 
be made of thoroughly seasoned white wood, walnut or cherry. 
Care should be taken to have the cases or boxes perfectly 
tight, so as to prevent small insects, mites, etc., from gaining 
access to and spoiling the collection. The cork or pith in the 
bottom of the boxes should be covered with white paper 
which, if lightly cross-ruled, will greatly facilitate the regular 
pinning of the specimens. 

For relaxing dried insects, place them for twelve or twenty- 
four hours in a tin box containing a quantity of moistened 
sand over which a single layer of paper is spread ; their wings, 
etc., can then be easily spread out, 

Caterpillars, grubs, pupae, and similar objects may be pre- 



136 NATURAL HISTORY OF INSECTS. 

served in alcohol. They should first be thrown into alcohol 
diluted with water, and afterwards be removed to vessels con- 
taining alcohol of full strength. 

Nothing is more annoying to the experienced, or more dis- 
couraging to the young collector, than to have his specimens 
destroyed by mites, or by the larvae of certain beetles ; against 
the ravages of these pests there is no security. Paste and 
paper fail to exclude them ; camphor is only a partial pro- 
tector ; and the only safeguard is constant vigilence, and the 
instant destruction of the offenders when observed. 

For this purpose many methods have been suggested, such 
as saturation with turpentine, immersion in alcohol or ben- 
zine, exposure in an oven to a heat of 210°, etc., but most of 
these are liable to injure or even destroy the specimens. 

A very good method is to place a. galipot or small saucer, 
containing about twenty-five grains of cyanide of potassium, 
roughly bruised, with a very little water, in the bottom of the 
cabinet ; drop about six drops of sulphuric acid upon the 
potassium and close up the cabinet. The gas thus generated 
will destroy the life of any larva or other insect or animal that 
may be in the cabinet at the time, as no animate being can 
inhale this gas and live. Great care should be taken to pre- 
vent the inhalation of this gas by the person employing it, as 
it is highly poisonous. 



GLOSSARY 



Abbreviated. — Shortened. 

Abdomen. — The posterior division of the body. 

Abnormal. — Unnatural : exceptional. 

Aculeate. — Prickly. 

Acuminate. — Ending in a prolonged point. 

Adephagous. — Ravenous ; predaceous. 

Agamic. — Bringing forth living young, or depositing fertile 

eggs, without the intervention of the male. 
Alula. — A small appendage on the hind edge of the base of 

the wing in the Twowinged Flies. 
Annulated. — Furnished with colored rings. 
Antenna?.— The two horn-like appendages to the head (Figs. 

89 and 103). 
Apex. — The terminal point : the tip. 

Apodous. — Destitute of feet. 

Approximate. — Near, or near together. 

Apterous. — Destitute of wings. 

Arista. — A style, or bristle. 

Aristate. — Furnished with a bristle. 

Articulate. — Divided into joints. 

Asexual. — Same as Agamic. 

Attenuated. — Tapering. 

Aurelia. — Ancient name for pupa. 

Base. — The part opposite the apex. 

Bi. — Two or twice. 

Fig. 343. 

Bifid.— Cleft. 
Bifurcate. — Two-forked. 
Bilobate. — Divided into two lobes. 
Bristled antenna. — Fig. 343. 



138 GLOSSARY. 

Capitate. — Ending in a head or knob (Figs. 95 and 96). 

Carina. — A ridge. 

Cauda. — A tail. 

Cell. — A term applied to the inclosures made by the veins and 
cross-veins in the wings (Fig. 125). As these cells differ 
in number and form in the different insects, they have 
received different names. In many kinds of Two-winged 
Flies (such as the Syrphus Fly, Fig. 231, c), the cell next 
the fore edge of the wing is the costal cell ; the three back 
of this, nearest the body, are the first, second and third 
basal cells, and the cell next to the hind edge of the wing- 
is the ancd cell ; toward the outer edge of the wing, from 
the first basal cell, is the first posterior cell, while the 
three cells back of this, along the margin of the wing, are 
the second, third and fourth posterior cells ; the closed 
cell between the second basal and the third posterior 
cells is the discal cell (this may easily be known by 
always being at the lower end of the small cross-vein 
between the first basal and the first posterior cells) ; the 
two cells between the costal and first posterior cells are 
the marginal and sub-marginal cells. 

Chrysalids. — Plural of chrysalis. 

Chrysalis. — The third stage of insect life (Fig. 344; same as 
pupa). 



Fig. 344. 




Fig. 345. 



Ciliate. — Fringed. (Ciliate antennae, Fig. 345.) 

Cinereous. — Ash-colored. 

Clavate. — Enlarged toward the tip (Fig. 92). 

Clypeus. — The division of the face immediately above the 

upper lip. 
Coarctate. — Enclosed in the old larva skin. 
Cocoon. — A silken case spun by the caterpillar (Fig. 346). 



GLOSSARY. 



1 39 



Fig. 346. 



Complete transformation. — When the pupa is incapable of 

crawling about and of taking food. 
Compound eyes. — Placed on each side 

of the head, and composed of 

numerous facets or simple eves 

placed close together. 
Compressed. — Flattened on the sides. 
Concolorous. — Of the same color as 

another part. 
Confluent. — Running into each other. 
Connate. — United. 
Contiguous. — Touching each other. 
Cordate. — Heart-shaped. 
Coriaceous. — Hard, but flexible. 
Corneous. — Horny. 
Corrugated.— Wrinkled . 
Costa. — Front edge of the wing (Fig. 

121, «). 
Coxa. — A small piece between the 

thigh and body (Figs. 89 and 103). 
Crenate.-Scolloped, the teeth rounded. 
Cupreous. — Coppery. 
Cylindrical. — Round and long and of 

the same thickness throughout. 
Decumbent. — Bending down. 
Deflected. — Bent down. 
Dentate. — Toothed. 
Depressed. — Flattened from above. 
Diffuse. — Spreading. 
Digitate. — Divided like the ringers. 
Digituli. — Stout hairs, sometimes 

knobbed at the tip, which occur upon the feet of many 

kinds of Plant-lice and Scale Insects. 
Dilated. — Widened. 
Discal. — Relating to the disk. 
Discal cell. — A cell situated at the base of the wing in the 

Butterflies and Moths, but in the Twcr-winged Plies it is 

nearest to the outer margin. (See Cell.) 
Disk. — The upper central part of any given surface. 




1 40 GLOSSARY. 

Divaricate. — Spreading apart. 
Dorsal. — Relating to the back. 

Elliptical. — Elongate-oval. 

Elytra. — The hard wing-cases of Beetles. 

Emarginate. — Notched. 

Epistoma. — The clypeus. 

Exserted. — Protruded. 

Exuvia. — The cast-off skin. 

Falcate. — Sickle-shaped. 

Fascia. — A stripe broader than a line. 

Fauna. — The animals of any given locality. 

Femur.— The thigh (Figs. 89 and 103). 

Ferrugineous. — Rust-colored. 

Filiform.— Thread-like (Figs. 91 and 94, a). 

First joint. — The joint farthest from the tip; the basal joint. 

Flabellate antenna. — Fig. 347. 

Flavescent.— Yellowish. Fig - 347> 

Flexuous. — Waving ; zigzag. 

Fovea. — A pit or rounded depression. 

Frenulum. — A bristle on the front edge of the hind 

wing which fits into a hook beneath the front 

wing, uniting the wings during flight. (See 

Fig. 122, jr.) 
Fuliginous. — Smoky. 
Fulvous. — Tawny, reddish yellow. 
Furcate. — Forked. 

Fuscous. — Dark brown. Fig. 348. 

Fusiform. — Spindle-shaped ; tapering toward both 

ends (Fig. 93.) 

Ganglion. — A swelling in the nervous cord. 

Geminate. — In pairs. 

Geniculate.— Elbowed (Fig. 348). 

Genus. — A class or group, each member of which 
possesses certain characters not found in those 
individuals which belong to a different class 
or group. 

Glabrous. — Smooth. 





GLOSSARY. 



141 



Glaucous. — Bluish-green. 

Granulated. — Covered with small rounded elevations. 

Gregarious. — Living in flocks or communities. 

Halteres. — Small thread-like organs which terminate in a knob, 
taking the place of the hind pair of wings in the Two- 
winged Flies. 

Haustellate. — Furnished with a beak or proboscis. 

Hemelytra— The front wings of the True Bugs. 

Hermaphrodite. — An individual in which both the male and 
the female organs occur. 

Heteromerous— Having five joints in the front and middle 
feet, and only four joints in the hind ones. 

Hexapod. — Six footed. 

Hirsute. — Clothed with stiff hairs. 

Humerus. — Anterior outer angle of the wing-cases of Beetles. 

Hyaline. — Transparent, like glass. 

Hyperstoma. — The clypeus in the Two-winged Flies. 

Imago. — The adult or perfect in- 
sect (Fig. 349). 

Imbricated. — Over-lapping, like f 
the shingles on a roof. 

Immaculate. — Spotless. 

Immarginate. — Without an ele- 
vated margin. 

Incomplete transformation . — 
When the pupa is capable of 
crawling about and of taking food. 

Incrassated. — Thickened. 

Incumbent. — Lying upon. 

Infuscated. — Darkened with a blackish tinge. 

Joint. — A node or part between two joints ; in this sense, that 
part of the arm which is between the joints of the elbow 
and wrist would be called a joint. 

Labial palpi.— Small jointed appendages of the lower lip 

(Fig. 103). 
Labium. — The lower lip. 




142 GLOSSARY. 

Lamelliform. — Leaf- like. 

Lamellate.— With flattened plates (Fig. 100). 

Lamina. — A plate or sheet-like piece. 

Larva. — The second stage of insect Fig. 350. 

life, or that immediately follow- /\i^!>57f~Y~7^r~T r - 
ing the egg (Fig. 350; such as ^^^^^5i£3ffe 
grubs, caterpillars, maggots, etc.). 

Lateral. — On one side. 

Line.— One twelfth of an inch (Fig. 351) ; Fig. 351, 



a very narrow stripe. I I I ) I J J I J I ! 1,1,1 

Linear. — Long and narrow and of equal width. 
Lingula. — The tongue. 
Lunate. — Half-moon shaped. 
Luteous. — Deep yellow. 

Maculate. — Spotted. 

Mandibles. — The upper jaws, placed between the upper lip and 

the lower jaws (Fig. 103). 
Mandibulate. — Provided with jaws. 
Maxillae. — The lower jaws, placed between the upper jaws and 

the lower lip (Fig. 103). 
Membraneous. — Thin ; parchment-like. 
Mentum. — The chin (Fig. 103). 
Mesothorax. — -That division of the thorax to which the middle 

pair of legs are attached (Fig. 89). 
Metamorphoses. — Same as Transformations. 
Metathorax. — That division of the thorax to which the hind 

pair of legs are attached (Fig. 89). 
Moniliform. — Like a string of beads. 
Mucronate. — Ending in a sharp point. 

Normal. — Natural ; usual. 
Nymph. — Ancient name for pupa. 

Obsolete. — Indistinct. 

Obtected. — Not enclosed in the old larva skin. 

Occiput. — Hind part of the head. 

Ocelli. — Simple eyes, usually placed on the top of the head. 

Ocellus. — A simple eye (Fig. 89). 



GLOSSARY. 



143 




Ochreous. — A more or less deep ochre-yellow color. 

Olivaceous. — Olive colored. 

Orbicular. — Nearly circular (Fig. 121, mo). 

Oval. — Egg-shaped! 

Ovate. — More or less egg- F ig- 352. 

shaped. 

Oviparous.— Producing eggs. 

Oviposition. — Act of de- 
positing eggs. 

Ovipositor. — The instrument 
by which the female lays 
her eggs. 

Ovum.— An egg (Fig. 352, e and/). 

Palmate. — Hand-shaped. 

Palpi. — Feelers attached to the lower lip and the lower jaws 
(Figs. 89 and 103). 

Parasitic. — Living in or upon another animal. 

Parthenogenesis.— Bringing forth living young or depositing 
fertile eggs without the previous intervention of the male. 

Patagia— The shoulder tufts (Fig. 123, m). 

Pectinate. — Comb-toothed (Fig. 115, a). 

Peduncle. — A stem. 

Pentamerous. — Having five joints in all the feet, 

Penultimate. — The last but one. 

Perfoliate.— Flattened joints or plates with the stem appar- 
ently passing through their centers (as the terminal part 
of Fig. 98). 

Petiolate. — Supported on a stem. 

Piceous. — Pitchy black. 

Pile. — Hair ; usually hair arranged in rows. 

Pilose.— Clothed with long flexible hairs. 

Plumose. — Like a feather. 

Poisers. — Same as Halteres. 

Porrect. — Straight out, 

Prismatic— Three sided, like a prism. 

Proboscis.— The beak or sucker. 

Process. — A projection. 

Pro-legs.— The fleshy legs of caterpillars. 



144 



GLOSSARY. 



Prothorax. — The first division of the thorax to which the first 
pair of legs is attached (Fig. 89). (In the Beetles, Bugs, 
Grasshoppers, and similar insects, this part is commonly 
termed the thorax.) 

Pruinose. — Frosted ; covered with a whitish powder. 

Pterostigma. — Same as Stigma. 

Pubescent. — Clothed with very fine hair or down. 

Pulvilli. — Small cushions beneath the feet of the Two-winged 
Flies. 

Punctured.— Marked with minute impressed dots, as if pricked 
with the point of a pin. 



Fig. 353. 




Fig. 354. 




Pupa. — Same as Chrysalis. (The latter term is usually applied 
to such as are incapable of moving about (Fig. 353) ; 
while those which are active (Fig. 354) are commonly 
called Pupas. 

Pupate. — To assume the pupa form. 

Quadrate. — Square, or nearly so. 

Raptorial. — Adapted for seizing prey. 

Reniform. — Kidney shaped (Fig. 121, mr). 

Reticulated. — Like net-work. 

Rostrum. — Beak. 

Rufescent. — Somewhat reddish. 

Rufous. — Reddish. 

Rugose. — Wrinkled. 

Saltatory. — Leaping. 

Sanguineous. — Blood-red. 

Scabrous. — Roughened with projecting points. 

Scrobe. — A groove at the base of the antenna. 



GLOSSARY. 14-") 

Scutel. — A triangular piece between the base of the wing-covers 

and the thorax. 
Segments. — The parts into which an insect's body is divided 

by the transverse impressed lines or circles (Fig. 352, b). 
Sericeous. — Like silk. 
Serrate. — Saw-toothed (Fig. 97). 
Sessile. — Attached by the whole width. 
Seta. — A bristle. 
Setaceous. — Bristle-like. 
Smooth. — Not roughened nor spined. 
Spinnerets. — Small openings out of which silk and other 

secretions are excreted. (In caterpillars they are situated 

in the lower lip, but in the Scale Insects they are situated 

on various parts of the abdomen. 
Spinous. — Furnished with spines. 
Spiracles. — The breathing pores or external openings of the 

wind-pipe (trachea?.) (Fig. 89.) 
Spurs. — Thick spines. 
Stemmata. — Same as Ocelli. 
Stigma. — A thickened spot on the front edge of the fore wings 

(Fig. 126, 7). 
Stigmata. — A term applied to the orbicular and reniform spots 

on the front wings of Moths. (See Fig. 121, mo and mr.) 
Stria;. — Impressed lines or grooves. 
Striate. — Marked with impressed lines ; grooved. 
Sturnum. — The underside of the thorax. 
Sulcate. — Grooved. 
Suture. — The place where the two parts meet. 

Tarsi.— Feet, 

Tawny. — A pale dirty yellow. 
Tegmina, — The front wings of Grasshoppers. 
Tergum. — The upper side of the abdomen. 
Tessellated. — Checkered. 
Testaceous. — Pale dull red. 

Tetramerous. — Having four joints in all the feet. 
Thorax. — That division of the body to which the legs and 
wings are attached. 
10 



146 GLOSSARY. 

Tibia. — The shank or shin ; that part of the leg between the 

thigh and foot (Fig. 103). 
Tomentose. — Covered with fine matted hairs. 
Trachea. — The wind-pipe. 
Transformations. — Changes ; such as changing from a p . gg5 

larva to a pupa, or from a pupa to a perfect insect. £ 
Transverse. — Crosswise. 

Trimerous. — Having three joints in all the feet. 
Trochanter. — An appendage at the base of the thigh 

(Fig. 89). 
Trophi. — The mouth parts. 
Truncate. — Cut squarely off. 
Tubercle. — A small swelling or prominence. 
Tuberculate. — Furnished with tubercules. 
Tufted antenna?. — Fig. 355. 

Uncinate. — Hooked at the tip. 

Venter. — The underside of the body. 
Verticillate. — In whorles. 
Villous. — Clothed with long soft hairs. 
Vitta. — A colored stripe running lengthwise. 
Viviparous. — Bringing forth living young. 



CORRECTIONS. 



By an oversight, several typographical errors will be found in pages 81 to 90, 
the principal of which are as follows: 

Page 81, line 3; for Section, read Section. 

Page 85, line 16; insert a parenthesis before including. 

Page 86, line 14; for body, read latter. 

Page 87, Fig. 250; insert a period after 250. 

Page 88, line 2; insert and before the second the. 

Page 91, line 15; insert a comma after animals. 

Page 91, foot-note; for larva, read larvce. 

Page 92, line 33; for is, read are. 

Page 93, line 1; for 3Ieloe read Meloe. 

Page 93, line 4; for possesses, read possess. 

Page 93, line 22; for Ground, read Darkling. 

Page 94, line*4; for Beetles, read Beetle. 

Page 94, line 7; for Tetremera, read Tetramera. 



INDEX 



Aberrant Wood Beetle, 91. 
Achemon Sphinx, Philampelis 

achemon, 43, 54, 65. 
Acrididse, 111. 
Aegeridse, 66. 
Agrionidae, 113. 
Aleurodidse, 101. 
Ambulatoria, 108, 110. 
American C u r r a n t Borer, 

Psenocerus supernotatus, 97. 
American Pr o c r i s, Procris 

Americana, 68. 
Annelida, 3. 
Anthicidse, 93. 
Anthomyia calopteni, 80. 
Ant-lion, Myrmeleon, 49, 113. 
Ants, 57. 
Aphaniptera, 53. 
Aphididse, 100. 
Aphodidae, 87. 
Apidse, 54. 
Apple Curculio, Anthonomus 

quadrigibbus, 95. 
Apple Maggot, Trypeta pom- 

onella, 47. 
Apple-tree Aphis, Aphis mali, 

31, 45. 
Arachnida, 2, 3. 
Archippus Butterfly, Da mi is 

Archippus, 17, 63. 
Army Worm, Leucania uni- 

puncta, 9, 10. 



Articulata, 1, 2. 

Ash-colored Blister Beetle, 

Macrobasis unicolor, 93. 
Asparagus Beetle, Orioceris 

asparagi, 48. 
Aspidiotus, 115,116, 117. 
Back-boned Animals, 1. 
Bacon Beetle, Dermestes Uir- 

darius, 85. 
Banded Robber, Milyas duc- 
tus, 106. 
Bark Beetles, 93. 
Bark-lice, 103, 114. 
Barnacle Scale, Ceroplastes 

cirripediformis, 121 . 
Bean Weevil, Bra elm* obsole- 

tus, 95. 
Beautiful Wood-nymph, Eiu- 

dryas grata, 68. 
Bed Bugs, Cimex lectularius, 

53, 107. 
Bees, 14, 16, 30, 54. 
Beetles, 5, 9, 16, 29,35, 50,80. 
Belostoma, 47. 
Bembecidse, 56. 
Bird-lice, 108. 
Black Burying Beetle, Silpha 

in;i 1 1 n a I is, 85. 
Black Horse-fly, Ta >> a n u s 

atratus, 77. 
Black Melanactes, Melanactes 

piceus, 91. 



148 



INDEX. 



Black Scale, Lecanium olese, 

103, 122. 
Blattidse, 109. 
Blister Beetles, 21, 92. 
Blow Flies, 79. 
Body Lice, Pediculus corporis 

53. 
Bombycidse, 48, 68. 
Bordered Plant Bug, Largus 

succinctus, 107. 
Borers, 9. 
Bot-flies, 78. 
Brachycera, 76, 77. 
Bracon Fly, 57. 
Bran Beetle, Silvanus quadri- 

collis, 86. 
Branch and Twig Burrower, 

Polycaon confertus, 91. 
Branch Borer, Bostrichus bi- 

caudatus, 91. ' 
Branch Borers, 91. 
Brasslets, 58. 
Bristly Cut Worm, Mamestra 

renigera, 71. 
Broad-necked Prionus, Pri- 

onus laticollis, 48, 80. 
Brown Grasshoppers, 111. 
Bruchidse, 94. 
Bruchus Weevils, 94. 
Bud Worm, Penthina oculana: 

74. 
Buffalo Tree-hopper, Ceresa 

bubalus, 8, 44, 103. 
Bugs, 28, 30. 

Bumble Bees, Bombus, 55. 
Buprestidse, 90. 
Buprestis Beetles, 90. 
Burying Beetles, 85. 
Butterflies, 5, 7, 9, 14, 16, 28, 

30, 60, 61. 



Cabbage Aphis, Aphis brassi- 
er, 10 1 . 
Cabbage Bug, Strachia histri- 

onica, 18. 
Cabbage Maggot, Anthomyia 

brassicse, 86. 
Cabbage Plusia, Plusia brassi- 

cse, 71 
Caddis Flies, 113. 
California Grape-vine Hopper, 

Eryth -oneura comes, 103. 
California Lady -bird, Cocci- 

nella 5-notata var. Califor- 

nica, 99, 127. 
Camellia Scale, Uhleria 

camellia?, 120. 
Canker AVorm, 15. 
Cantharis, 93. 
Capsidr^, 107. 
Carabidse, 82. 
Cecidomyidse, 76. 
Cecropia Moth, Samia cecro- 

pia, 11, 70. 
Centipedes, 2, 4. 
Cerambycidse, 97. 
Cercopidse, 103. 
Ceroplastes, 120. 
Cetonians, 88. 
Cetonidse, 88. 
Chalcididse, 58. 
Chalcis Flies, 58, 129. 
Cherry-leaf Roller, Cacaicia 

cerasivorana, 74. 
Cherry-tree Borer, Dicerca 

divaricata, 90. 
Chestnut-bud Beetle, Pityoph- 

thorus pubipennis, 96. 
Chicken-lice, Goniocotes bur- 

ncttl, 53. 



INDEX. 



149 



Chigoe, Sarcopsylla penetrans, 

77. 
Chinch Bug, Micropi a leucop- 

terus, 15, 21, 106. 
Chionaspis, 115, 117. 
Chionaspis ortholobis, 117. 
Chionea, 77. 
Chrysididse, 57. 
Chrysomelidse, 98. 
Cicada, 35. 
Cicadidas, 104. 
Cicindelidse, 81. 
Cistelidat, 93. 
Citrus Scale, Mytilaspis citri- 

cola, 119. 
Clams, 2. 

Clavicornes, 81, 83. 
Clear-winged Moths, 66. 
Clothes Moth, Tineu, flavi- 

frontella, 75. i 

Clover-hay W o r m , Asopia 

costalis, 73. 
Coccidae, 101, 114. 
Coccinse, 115, 122. 
Coccinellida?, 99. 
Coccus, 124. 
Cochineal Insect, Coccus cacti, 

124. 
Cockroaches, 109. 
Codlin Moth, Uarpocapsa 

pomonella, 9, 74. 
Coleoptera, 26, 38, 48, 49, 50, 

80. 
Colorado Potato Beetle, Dory- 

phora 10-lineata, 98. 
Common Fire-fly, Photinus 

pyralis, 92. 
Common Tiger Beetle, Cicin- 

dela vulgaris, 82, 125. 
11 



Convergent Lady-bird, Hip- 

podamia cnnvcrgcns, 126. 
Copper Butterflies, 63. 
Copridae, 87. 
Coreidae, 106. 
Corn Worm, Heliothis armi- 

gera, 71. 
Cottony Cushion Scale, Icerya 

purchasi, 103, 125. 
Cottony Maple Scale, Pv Uri- 
naria innumerabilis, 121. 
Crabronida?, 56. 
Crabs, 1, 2, 23. 
Crane Flies, 47, 77. 
Crickets, 30, 35, 108, 110. 
Crustacea, 2. 
Cuckoo Bees, 55. 
Cucujidae, 86. 
Cucujus Beetles, 86. 
Cucumber Flea-beetle, Epi- 

trix ciLcameris, 99. 
Culicidse, 76. 
Curculionidae, 95. 
Currant Span Worm, Eu- 

fitchia ribearia, 72. 
Cursoria, 108, 109. 
Cut-worms, 126. 
Cynipicke, 58. 
Dactylopius, 124. 
Dakruma coccidivora, 43. 
Darkling Beetles, 39, 94. 
DeLong's Moth, Clisiocampa 

constricta, 8, 57. 
Derniestidae, 85. 
Destructive Mealy Bug, Dac- 

tylopius destructor, 124. 
Diaspinse, 114. 115. 
Diaspis, 115, 116, 118. 
Digger Wasps, 56. 



150 



INDEX. 



Diptera, 36, 47, 48, 76. 
Dissimilar-winged Bugs, 105. 
Divers, 82. 
Dotted-legged Plant-bug, Eu- 

schistus variolarius, 44, 52. 
Dragon Flies, 30, 41, 51, 111, 

112. 
Dytiscidae, 82. 
Earth-worms, 8. 
Earwig, Forficula auricularia, 

9, 40, 41, 48, 109. 
Egg Parasites, 57. 
Eight-spotted Forester, Alypia 

octomaculata, 68. 
Elateridse, 90. 
Ephemeridse, 112. 
Epicauta, 93. 
Fall Canker-worm, Anisop- 

teryx autumnata, 43, 72. 
False Chinch-bug, Nysius de- 
structor, 106. 
Field Crickets, 110. 
Fifteen-spotted Lad y-b i r d 

Mysia 15-punctata, 99, 126. 
Figure 8 Minor Moth, Mames- 

tra renigera, 71. 
Filbert Scale, Lecanium hem- 

isphsericum, 122. 
Filicornes, 81. 
Fiorinia, 120. 
Fire-flies, 92. 
Flat-headed Apple-tree Borer, 

Chrysobothris femorata, 11, 

16, 39, 90. 
Fleas, 53, 77. 
Flesh Flies, 6, 79, 80. 
Florida Scale, Ceroplastes 

floridensis, 121. 
Forficularidfe, 109. 



Formicidse, 57. 
Four-footed Butterflies, 62. 
Frosted Leaf-hopper, Poscil- 

optera pruinosa, 104. 
Fulgoridae, 104. 
Fungus Flies, 112. 
Galgula Bugs, 105. 
Galgulidse, 105. 
Gall Flies, 8, 58. 
Gall Gnats, 76. 
Generous Tiger Beetle, Cicw- 

dela generosa, 82, 125. 
Geometers, 14. 
Geometrid Moths, 71. 
Geotrupidae, 87. 
Glassy Cut-worm, Hadena 

devastatrix, 11, 12. 
Gnawing Insects, 36, 50. 
Golden-eyed Flies, Hemero- 

bius, 113. 
Golden Wasps, 57. 
Goldsmith Beetle, Cotalpa 

lanigera, 2. 
Gold-spotted Ground Beetle, 

Calosoma calidum, 82, 126. 
Gooseberry Fruit Moth, Pem- 

pelia grossularise, 73. 
Grain Aphis, Siphonophora 

arenas, 31, 44, 101. 
Grain Moth, Gelechia cere- 

alella, 75. 
Grape Curculio, 8. 
Grape-leaf Folder, Desmia 

maculalis, 73. 
Grape Phylloxera, Phylloxera 

vastatrix, 76. 
Grape Plume Moth, Ptero- 

phorus periscelidactylus, 75. 



INDEX. 



151 



Grape-seed Maggot, Isosoma 

vitis, 38. 
Grape-vine Beetles, 88. 
Graspers, 108, 109. 
Grasshoppers, 8, 9, 20, 23, 30, 

108. 
Gray Tree-cricket, (Ecanthus 

latipennis, 8. 
Green Fruit Beetle, Allorhina 

nitida, 89. 
Green Grasshoppers, 110. 
Ground Beetles, 12, 82, 126. 
Grouse Locusts, 111. 
Gryllidas, 110. 
Gvrinida?. 83. 



Hornet, Vespa maculata, 51. 

Horn Tails, 59. 

Horse Bot-fly, (Estrus equi, 

53, 78. 
Horse Flies, 28, 77. 
House Flies, 14, 79. 
House Fly, Musca domestica, 

79, 129.' 
Hydrometridae, 105. 
Hydrophilidse, 84. 
Hymenoptera, 36, 37, 48, 49, 

50, 54. 
Icerya, 125. 
Ichneumon Flies, 8, 33, 37, 

57, 112, 128. 



Harlequin Cabbage-bug, Stra- \ Ichneumonida?, 57. 



chia histrionica, 15, 45. 

Harris' Scale, Chionaspis fur- 
furus, 118. 

Harvest Flies, 35, 104. 

Haustellata, 36, 42. 

Hawk Moths, 64. 

Head Lice, Pediculus capitis, 
53. 

Helophilus, 47. 

Hemerobidse, 113. 

Hemiptera, 36, 44, 48, 100, 105. 

Hesperidse, 63. 

Hessian Fly, Cecidomyia de- 
structor,- 5, 9, 11, 76. 

Heterocera, 60, 64. 

Heteromera, 80, 92. 

Heteroptera, 36, 46, 105. 

Hickory Borer, Chion cinctus, 
97. 

Homoptera, 36, 44, 100. 



Icy ,;'■ Lady-bird, Hippoda mia 

glacialis, 127. 
Imported Cabbage Butterfly, 

Pieris rapse, 50, 61. 
Imported Currant Saw-flies, 

Nematus ventricosus, 7, 13, 

37. 
Imported Grape Flea-beetle, 

Adoxus vitis, 99. 
Indian C e t o n i a, Eu ryom ia 

inda, 89. 
Insecta, 2. 
Isabella Moth, Pyrrharctia 

Isabella, 70. 
Jigger, Sarcopsylla penetrans. 

77. 
Jointed Animals, 1. 
J oint Worms, /so&'om a /io/-c^', 9. 
Julus, 2. 
Jumpers, 109, 110. 



Honey Bees, Apis mellifica, 55. Jumping Plant-lice, 103. 



Hop Aphis, Phorodon humuli, 
45 



Jane Beetle, Phyllophaga fus- 
ca, 40. 



152 



INDEX. 



June Beetles, 87. 

Katydid, Platyphyllum con- 

cavum, 7, 35, 40, 51,110. 
Kermes, 122. 
Lace-winged Flies, 5, 8, 10 5 

21, 42, 49, 113, 127. 
Lady Birds, 99, 126. 
Lamellicornes, 81, 87. 
Lampyridse, 92. 
Land Scavenger Beetles, 84. 
Lantern Flies, 104. 
Large Darkling Grape Beetle, 

Eleodes quadricollis, 94. 
Leaf-cutting Bees, Megachile 

55. 
Leaf-hoppers, 103. 
Leaf-miners, 74. 
Leaf-rollers, 73. 
Lecaninse, 115, 120. 
Lecanium, 121. 
Lemon-peel Scale, Aspidiotus 

nerii, 103, 116. 
Lepidoptera, 36, 42, 49, 50, 60. 
Libellulida3, 112. 
Lice, 47, 108. 
Lightning Beetles, 92. 
Lobsters, 2, 23. 
Locustidse, 110. 
Locusts, 111. 
Locust-tree Borer, Clytus ro- 

binise, 97. 
Long-horned Borers, 48, 96, 97. 
Long-horned Flies, 76. 
Long-toed Water Beetles, 83. 
Lucanidae, 86. 
Lycaenidse, 48, 63. 
LygEeidse, 106. 
Lytta, 93. 
Mallophagidse, 108. 



Mandibulata, 86, 50. 

Mantidas, 109. 

Mantis, Mantis Carolina, 40, 

109, 127. 
Many-banded Robber, Milyas 

cinctus, 44. 
Margined Water Beetle, Dy- 

tiscus marginalia, 82. 
May Flies, 21, 111, 112. 
Meal Worm, Tenebrio obscurus, 

94. 
Mealy Bugs, 114. 
Mealy Bug with long threads, 

Dactylopius longifilis, 124. 
Mealy-winged Bugs, 101. 
Measuring-worms, 14, 49, 72. 
Melandryidse, 93. 
Melee, 39, 93. 
Meloidse, 92. 
Melolonthidse, 87. 
Membranaceidse, 107. 
Millipedes, 2, 4. 
Mites, 2, 3. 
Mole Crickets, 110. 
Mollusca, 2. 
Monilicornes, 81, 86. 
Mosquito, 35, 76. 
Moths, 5, 16, 28, 30, 60, 64. 
Muscidse, 79. 
Museum Beetles, 85: 
Myriapoda, 2, 4. 
Mytilaspis, 115, 118. 
Narcissus Fly, Merodon nar- 
cissi, 78. 
Native Currant Saw-fly, Pris- 

tophora grossidariee, 10, 59. 
Negro Bug, Corimelsena pidi- 

caria, 107. 
Nemocera, 76. 



INDKX. 



tfepidae, 105. 

Neuroptera, 36, 41, 49, 50, 111. 

Nine-spotted Lady-bird, ('<><•- 

cinella 9-notata, 127. 
Noctuidse, 70. 

Norfolk Island Pine Scale 
Rhizncoccitx tira Urartu . \'2'.\. 

Notonectidae, 105. 

Notoxus Beetles, 93. 

Nymphalidse, 62. 

Nyssonidae, 56. 

Odonata, 112. 

(Estridre. 78. 

Onion Fly, Anthqmyia cepa- 

ruin, 47. 
( Orchard Tent-cater pillar 

Moth, Clisiocampa ameri- 

cana, 8, 42. 
Orthoptera, 36, 40, 48, 50, 108. 
Owlet Moths, 70. 
Ox Bot-fly, CEstrus bows, 48, 

78. 
Painted Lady-bird, Harmonia 

picta, 127. 
Panorpidse, 113. 
Papilionidae, 61. 
Parasitic Beetles, 92. 
Parlatoria, 115, 119. 
Parnida?, 83. 

Parsley Worm, Papilio liste- 
rias, 49. 
Peach-tree Borer, JEgeria exi- 

tio8a, 66. 
Pear Slug, Selandria cerasi, 

49. 
Pear-tree Psylla, Psylla pyri, 

103. 
Pear-tree Scolytus, Xyleborus 

pyri, 96. 



Pea Weevil, BruchvA pisi, 95. 
Pecticornes, 81, 86. 

IV.liruli.hr, L08. 

I'entainera, SO, si . 
Pergande's < Grange Scale, Par- 
latoria pergandii, 120. 
Perla Flies, 112. 
Perlida), 112. 
Phalsenidse, 71. 
Phasmida*, 1 lo. 
Phryganidae, 113. 
Phylloxera Mite, Tyroglyphus 

Phylloxera . 4. 
Pierida\ 61. 
Pirate Bugs, 105. 
Plant Beetles, '.»7. 
Plant hugs, 20, 107. 
Plant-lice, 23. 30.31.100. 126, 

127, 128. 
Plum Curculio. Conotrachelus 

nenuphar, 8,11, 16, 95. 
Plume Moths. 75. 
Plum Gouger, Anthonomus 

prunicida, 95. 
Pompilida>. 56. 
Potato Flea - beetle Epitrix 

subcrinita, 99. 
Potato Moth. Culi, -Jiia sp.flb. 
Potato-stalk Weevil. Pseudo- 

baris trinotatus, 95. 
Prrdaeeous Ground Beetles, 

81. 

PredaceoUS Water Beetles, 82. 
Prickly Bark Beetle. Leptoaty- 

lus aculifi ni8, 51. 
Prionus Beetle. Priotvua lati- 

collis, li'». 
Proctotrupida-. 57. 
Pseudocoeeus. 124. 



154 



INDEX. 



Pseudococcus hederae, 124. 

Pseuclo-neuroptera, 42. 

Psocidse, 112. 

Psocus, 41. 

Psyllidffi, 103. 

Pterophoridse, 75. 

Ptinidae, 91. 

Pulicidse, 77. 

Pulvinaria, 121. 

Pyralidse, 73. 

Quince Curculio, Conotrache- 

lus cratsegi, 95. 
Radiata, 2. 
Raptoria, 108, 109. 
Raspberry Borer, Agrilus rufi- 

collis, 90. 
Raspberry-root Borer, Mgeria 

marginata, 66. 
Raw-hide Beetle, Dermestes 

lardarius, 85. 
Red Scale, Aspidiotus aurant'ii, 

116. 
Red Scale of Florida, Aspidio- 
tus ficus, 116. 
Red - shouldered Grape - vine 

Borer, Sinoxylon basilare, 91. 
Red Spider, Tetranchus tela- 

rius, 2. 
Reduvidse, 105. 
Red-winged Wasp, Priocnemis 

spf 56. 
Rhizococcus, 123. 
Rhopalocera, 60, 61. 
Ring-banded Soldier-bug, Pe- 

rillus circumduct us, 44. 
Rose Aphis, Siphonophora 

rosse, 31. 
Rose Chafer, Macrodactylus 

subspinosus, 88. 



Rose Saw-fly, Selandria rosas, 
38. 

Rose Scale, Diaspis rosse, 117. 

Round - headed Apple - tree 
Borer, Saperda Candida, 11, 
97. 

Rove'Beetles, 41, 49, 86, 96. 

Runners, 108, 109. 

Rust-red Wasp, Polistes rubi- 
ginosus, 56, 128. 

Rutelidse, 88. 

Saltatoria, 109, 110. 

Sand Wasps, 56. 

Satellitia Sphinx, Ph'ilampelis 
pandorus, 65. 

Saw-flies, 8, 33, 49, 59. 

Saw-horned Borers, 48, 89. 

Scale Bugs, 114. 

Scale Insects, 43, 45, 101, 114, 
126. 

Scarabaeidge, 87. 

Scolytidse, 96. 

Scorpions, 4. 

Scorpion Flies, 113. 

Scurfy Scale, Chionaspis fur- 
fur us, 118. 

Scutelleridse, 107. 

Semicolon Butterfly, Grapta 
interrogations, 42. 

Serricornes, 81, 89. 

Seventeen-year Locust, Cica- 
da septemdecim, 104. 

Sheep Bot-fly, (Eestrus ovis, 78. 

Sheep Scab-mite, Psoroptes 
equi, 4. 

Short-horned Borers, 96. 

Short-horned Flies, 76, 77. 

Short-toed Water Beetles, 84. 

Sialidee, 113. 



INDEX. 



155 



Sialis Flies, 113. 

Silk Worm, Sericaria mori, 70. 

Silphidse, 85. 

Similar-winged Bugs, 100. 

Skip-jacks, 91. 

Skippers, 68. 

Slugs, 2. 

Small Darkling Grape Beetle, 

Blapstinus lecontei, 94. 
Snails, 2. 
Snout Beetles, 95. 
Snout Moths, 73. 
Snowy Tree-cricket, (Ecanthus 

niveus, 8. 
Soft-bodied Animals, 2. 
Soft Orange Scale, Lecanium 

hesperidum, 122. 
Soft- winged Beetles, 91. 
Soldier Bugs, 9, 48, 107, 127. 
Southern Cabbage Butterfly, 

Pieris protodice, 50. 
Spanish Fly, Oantharis vesi- 

catoria, 93. 
Span-worms, 12, 13, 49, 72. 
Sphingidse, 64. 
Spiders, 1, 2, 3. 
Spined Soldier-bug, Podisus 

spinosus, 44, 53, 107. 
Spinners, 68. 
Spotted Pelidnota, Pelidnota 

punctata, 88. 
Spring Beetles, 90. 
Spring Canker-worm, Anisop- 

teryx vernata, 43, 72. 
Squash Bug, Ooreus tristis, 47, 

106. 
Stable Flies, Stom.oxys calci- 

trans, 79. 
Stag Beetles, 86. 



Stalk Borer, Gortyna nitela, 

71. 
Staphylinidse, 86. 
Star-fishes, 2. 
Steel-blue Flea-beetle, Grapt'o- 

dera chalybea, 98. 
Strawberry-crown Borer, Anal- 

cis fragarise, 96. 
Strawberry Leaf-roller, Phox- 

opteris fragarise, 74. 
Strawberry Saw-fly, Emphytus 

maculatus, 38. 
Striped Blister Beetle, Epi- 

cauta vittata, 93. 
Striped Cucumber B e e t le , 

Diabrotica vittata, 40, 99. 
Sucking Insects, 36, 42. 
Swallow-tails, 61. 
Syrphidse, 77. 
Syrphus Flies, 14, 77, 128. 
Tabanidse, 77. 
Tachina Flies, 79, 129. 
Tarantula Hawks, Pompilus 

formosus, 57. 
Tawny Emperor ButterfrV, 

Apatura clyton, 62. 
Tenebrionidee, 94. 
Ten-lined Leaf Eater, Poly- 

phylla 10-lineata, 88. 
Ten-spotted Lady-bird, Hip- 

podamia maculata, 126. 
Tenthredinidse, 59. 
Termitidae, 111. 
Tetramera, 80, 94. 
Tettiginse, 111. 
Thecla Butterflies, 63. 
Thirteen-spotted Lady-bird. 

Hippoda m ia 7 - ; -' - p v n data 

126. 



156 



INDEX. 



Thousand-legged Worms, 4. 
Three-lined Potato Beetle, 

Lem.a trilineata, 8. 
Three-striped Plant-bug, Lep- 

tocoris trivittatus, 106. 
Thripidse, 107. 
Thrips, 9, 46, 107. 
Ticks, 2, 3. 

Tiger Beetles, 81, 125. 
Tineidse, 74. 

Tingis, Corythuca arcuata, 108. 
Tipulidse, 77. 
Tomato Worm, Macrosila 5- 

macidata, 16. 
Tomato Worm Moth, Macro- 
sila 5-maculata, 51. 
Tortoise Beetles, 7, 99. 
Tortricidas, 73. 
Tree Crickets, 5, 7, 110. 
Triangular Water Beetle, Hy- 

drophilus triangularis, 84. 
Trimera, 81, 99. 
Trim Lady-bird, Cycloneda 

sanguinea, 127. 
Trogidse, 87. 
Trogosita Beetles, 85. 
Trogositidse, 85. 
True Bugs, 5, 8, 28, 30, 100, 

105. 
Tumble Bugs, 87. 
Turnus Butterfly, Papilio tur- 

nus, 11, 61. 
Tussock Moth, Orygia leucos- 

tigma, 11. 
Twelve - spotted Diabrotica, 

Diabrotica 12-punctate, 80. 

99. 
Twice-stabbed Lady-bird, 

Chilocorus, bivulnerus, 127. 



Two-winged Flies, 14, 16, 17, 

20, 28, 30. 
Uhleria, 115, 120. 
Uroceridse, 59. 
Vertebrata, 1. 
Vespidse, 56. 
Vine-hoppers, 36. 
Virginian Tiger Beetle, Tetra- 

cha virginica, 82, 126. 
Walkers, 108, 110. 
Walking-sticks, 110. 
Wasps, 16, 30, 32, 56, 128. 
Water Boatmen, 105. 
Water Measurers, 105. 
Water Scavenger Beetles, 83. 
Water Scorpion, 105. 
Weevils, 8. 
Wheat Midge, Diplosis tritici, 

47, 76. 
Whirligig Beetles, 83. 
White Ants, 42, 111. 
White Butterflies, 61. 
White Grub, Phyllophaga 

fusca, 87. 
White-lined Sphinx, Deile- 

phila lineata, 65. 
White Miller, Spilosoma vir- 
ginica, 70. 
Wire-worms, 10, 91. 
Wood-nymphs, 66. 
Wood Wasps, 56. 
Woolly Aphis, Schizoneura 

lanigera, 31, 101. 
Yellow Butterflies, 50, 61. 
Yellow Canker-worm Moth, 

Hibernia tiliaria, 42. 
Yellow Mite, 4. 
Zygsenida? ,66. 



8 

bianos para destruir a sus opresores i hacer libre a su patria, 
los proteje tambien para salvar al Peril i sacarle de la abyec- 
cion i de la nada. Inmortales victorias coronaron sus esfuer- 
zos e hicieron independiente a aquel pais. 

El congreso se reune entonces, manifiesta la gratitud de la 
nation, i no juzgandola libre aim del influjo de las facciones i 
del poder de la anarquia, invoca nuevamente a Colombia i so- 
licita de ella una division ausiliar. Conviene esta Republica 
en qua sus tropas permanecieran en el Peru, i las tropas co- 
lombianas mantienen el orden i aseguran la tranquilidad. El 
gobierno del Peru comienza aqui sus agravios : sin reconocer 
el beneficio que estaba recibiendo, i olvidandose de todo senti- 
miento honroso i noble, paga a Colombia seduciendo a los au- 
siliares, infundiendoles el espiritu de rebelion i haciendo que de- 
pusiesen a sus jenerales, i que se declarasen arbitros de la su- 
erte de su patria. Es imposible dudarlo : militares tan subor- 
dinados corao los colombianos, acostumbradosB obedecer a sus 
jefes, a respetar a su gobierno, i a quienes no eran indiferentes 
el honor y la gloria, sin una seduccion muy fuerte, sin alicien- 
tes que solo podian venir de parte de los mandatarios del Peru, 
i sin contar con la proteccion eficaz de estos, no se hubieran 
atrevido a faltar a su deber, a marchitar sus laureles, i perder 
su reputation. 

Violada la fe de la amistad a quien se habian confiado el 
buen orden, la disciplina i subordination de aquellas tropas, ya 
nada detuvo al gobierno del Peru para obrar hostilmente contra 
Colombia. Formo el proyecto de apoderarse en profunda paz 
de los ires departamentos meridionales, i para que la ofensa 
fuese mas grave, i el ultraje mas doloroso, resolvio valerse para 
esta empresa de los mismos cuerpos colombianos a quienes en- 
cargo del sacrilego atentado de despedazar a su patria. Con 
protestas de amistad i de mantener la mejor harmonia con Co- 
lombia, el gobierno del Peru inspiraba la traicion en las tropas 
de esta Republica ; i la inspiraba en su provecho, i en pago 
de los inmensos servicios que habia recibido, i que siendo tan 
recientes no podia haber olvidado. 

La venida de la division ausiliar se acordo unicamente con el 
que se titulaba comandante jeneral de ella, principal complice 

A<-> lr. «iUnTr<»iinn • r. r> aa A\r> otriar> o nt mi r\n A r» ni nl OTl^iprnn flfi 



I 



pressors and make their country free, protects them also to save 
Peru and draw it from abjection and nothingness. Immortal vic- 
tories crowned their efforts and made that country independent. 

The Congress then meets : it manifests the gratitude of the 
nation, and not judging it yet free from the influence of factions 
and the power of anarchy, invokes anew Colombia and solicits 
from it an auxiliary division. This republic agrees that its troops 
should remain in Peru, and the Colombian troops maintain order 
and insure tranquillity. The government of Peru commences 
here its offences : without acknowledging the benefit that it was 
receiving, and forgetting every honourable and noble sentiment, 
it pays Colombia by seducing the auxiliaries, infusing in them a 
spirit of rebellion and causing them to depose their generals, and 
that they should declare themselves arbiters of the fate of their 
country. It is impossible to doubt it: a military so subordinate, 
as the Colombians, accustomed to obey their chiefs, to respect their 
government, and to whom honor and glory were not indifferent, 
without a very powerful seduction, without allurements that could 
only proceed from the agents of Peru, would not have dared, un- 
less they relied upon the officious protection of these, to fail in 
their duty, to wither their laurels, and lose their reputation. 

The faith of the friendship to which the good order, discipline 
and subordination of those troops were entrusted, being violated, 
nothing now prevented the government of Peru from acting with 
hostility against Colombia. It formed the project of seizing in pro- 
found peace on the three southern departments, and in order that the 
offence might be more heinous and the outrage more grievous, it 
resolved to avail itself for this enterprise of the very Colombian 
troops to whom it confided the sacrilegious attempt to rend their 
country to pieces. With protestations of friendship and of main- 
taining the best harmony with Colombia, the government of Peru 
inspired treason in the troops of this republic, and inspired it for 
its benefit, and in payment of the immense services which it had 
received, and which being so recent it could not have forgotten. 

The coming pf the auxiliary division was only agreed upon 
with him who called himself commandant general of it, the prin- 
cipal accomplice of the insurrection: no previous notice was 
given to the government of Colombia, nor its agent in Lima : 
2 






10 

Colombia, ni a su ajente en Lima ; no se esperaron sus 6r- 
denes, ni el jeneral que el mismo gobierno del Peru liabia pe- 
dido para que tomase el mando : se equipo de cuanto necesi- 
taba con la mayor presteza i con la mas grande reserva, i para 
que no quedara duda de la hostilidad que se intentaba i del ob- 
jeto con que venian esas tropas, se cerro el puerto del Callao 
mientras se verificaba el embarque, i los buques de guerra i 
trasporte despues de haber desembarcado una parte de la divi- 
sion, han permanecido al frente de los puertos del departamen- 
to de Guayaquil por algunos dias aguardando el resultado. 
La Providencia hizo inutiles las maquinaciones de los traidores 
i de los enemigos gratuitos : desbarato sus proyectos i anulo su 
empresa ; pero el gobierno del Peru es responsable de ella, de 
los atentados que se cometieron para llevarla a efecto, i de los 
males que sufrio Colombia por algun tiempo. 

El ajente de esta Republica tuvo noticia de la venida de las 
tropas cuando estaban ya embarcandose : reclamo entonces i 
protesto fuerte i enerjicamente de cuanto se hacia, mas su recla- 
macion fue desatendida, i sus protestas no tuvieron otro resul- 
tado que el de que se le persiguiera con encarnizamiento hasta 
espelerlo del pais en el termino de diez i ocho horas con igno- 
minia i afrenta, conduciendosele a bordo con una escolta i 
manteniendosele preso en un buque de guerra, sin causa, sin 
motivo i sin una apariencia siquiera de culpabilidad. La repre- 
sentacion de Colombia fue ultrajada atrozmente en la persona 
de su ajente, i hasta ahora no ha visto este gobierno satisfaccion 
alguna por esta horrenda violacion de la lei de las naciones. 

Restablecido el orden en los departamentos meridionales, 
los traidores que lo habian trastornado huyendo de la vindicta 
nacional se han refujiado al Peru, i no solo se les ha acojido 
sino que se les han tributado elojios por su traicion, por su mal- 
dad, i por su perversa conducta. Su acojimiento es tanto mas 
escandaloso cuanto que los oficiales colombianos que no habian 
tornado parte en sus operaciones i que las desaprobaban, contra 
la fe de los tratados existentes, han sido espelidos del Peru 
como personas sospechosas. El castigo ha recaido sobre los 
honrados i pacificos colombianos, i los premios i consideracion 
sobre los malvados i delincuentes. 

El gobierno de Colombia callaba i con su silencio respondia 






II 

they did not wait its orders, nor the general which the govern- 
ment of Peru itself had asked that he might take take the com- 
mand, it was equipped with whatever it wanted with the greatest 
promptitude and secrecy, and that no doubt might remain of the 
hostility which was intended and the object for which those troops 
came, the port of Callao was shut whilst the embarkation was 
effected, and the vessels of war and transports after landing apart 
of the division have continued off the ports of the department of 
Guayaquil for some days waiting for the result. Providence 
rendered the machinations of traitors and gratuitous enemies use- 
less : it defeated their projects and annihilated their enterprise ; 
but the government of Peru is responsible for it, for the attempts 
which were committed to carry it into effect, and for the evils 
which Colombia suffered for some time. 

The agent of this Republic had intelligence of the coming of 
the troops when they were already embarking ; he then remons- 
trated and strongly and energetically protested against everything 
that was doing, but his remonstrance was disregarded, and his 
protestations had no other effect than being persecuted with rage 
even to expel him from the country within the term of eighteen 
hours with ignominy and disgrace, conducting him on board with 
an escort and keeping him confined in a vessel of war, without 
cause or reason, and without the least appearance of culpability. 
The representation of Colombia was atrociously outraged in the 
person of its agent, and to this day this government has not re- 
ceived any satisfaction for this horrible violation of the law of 

nations. 

Order being reestablished in the southern departments, the 
traitors who had overthrown it, flying from national vengeance 
took shelter in Peru, and were not only welcome, but received 
commendations for their treason, their wickedness and perverse 
conduct. Their reception is so much the more scandalous, as 
the Colombian officers who had not taken any part in their opera- 
tions and who disapproved them, against the faith of existing 
treaties have been expelled from Peru as suspicious persons. 
The punishment has fallen upon the honourable and pacific Co- 
lombians, and the rewards and consideration upon the wicked 
and delinquent. 

The government of Colombia ,was silent and in this way an- 



12 

a las injurias que se le irogaban. Manda un oficial con pliegos 
para Bolivia, i se le detiene en un puerto del Peru, obligandole 
a hacer viaje al Callao : tiene que arrojar al mar la correspon- 
dencia que se queria que entregase, i se le Ueva a Lima a don- 
de se le mantiene mucho tiempo. El vicepresidente de esta 
Republica remite a uno de sus edecanes con el encargo de 
presentar al presidente de Bolivia la espada que le decreto el 
congreso de Colombia, i es tambien detenido en el Callao. 
Pasa a Lima i ponderandosele riesgos en el camino, no se le 
permite pasar adelante, i se ve precisado a volverse dejando 
alii la espada i la comunicacion de que iba encargado. El 
Peru estaba en guerra con Colombia, sin haberla declarado, 
i Colombia en paz i queriendo cultivar la amistad con el Peru. 

Destruido el proyecto de conquistar una parte del territorio 
con el ausilio de las tropas colombianas, el gobierno del Peru 
no pierde sin embargo las esperanzas de hacerse a el por otro 
medio. Emprende con este objeto formar un ejercito en las 
front eras, i lo ejecuta con tanta eficacia, como si mui pronto 
debiera abrir la campana. Bien se hizo cargo de que un paso 
semejante alarmaria al gobierno de Colombia, i creyendo que 
podria adormecer su vigilancia, le manda un ministro plenipo- 
tenciario, sin instrucciones ni poderes para concluir cosa alguna, 
anunciandole que el objeto de su mision era dar satisfacciones por 
los agravios de que tenia que quejarse, i que el mismo gobierno 
del Peru supuso haberle iorgado, sin que se le hubiera hecho 
reclamo alguno. j Tanto era el convencim^iento en que se ha- 
llaba de que todos sus actos eran hostiles ! 

No desconocio el gobierno de Colombia la trama que se le 
urdia, i el fin con que se le enviaba ese ministro : pero le ad- 
mitio no obstante para manifestar hasta que punto llegaban sus 
deseos de la paz i de la conciliacion. Se le propusieron los 
motivos de queja ; i se le indicaron las satisfacciones que pedia 
este gobierno ; i el ministro se declaro abiertamente sin ins- 
trucciones para convenir en la liquidacion i pago de lo que 
adeuda el Peru a Colombia en razon de los suplementos que 
se le hicieron, i para tratar de la devolucion de la provincia de 
Jaen i parte de Mainas que el Peru tiene usurpadas ; nego el 
convenio, en virtud del cual fueron las tropas colombianas al 
Peru, i por el que se estipulo solemnemente por aquel gobier- 



I 



13 

swered the injuries which were inflicted on it. It sent an officer 
with despatches for Bolivia and was detained in a port in Peru, 
obliging him to proceed to Callao : he had to throw overboard 
the correspondence which he was required to deliver, and he was 
carried to Lima where he was kept a long time. The Vice 
President of this Republic sends one of his aids-de-camp with 
the commission of presenting to the President of Bolivia the 
sword which the Congress of Colombia decreed to him, and he 
is also detained in Callao. He passes to Lima, and magnifying 
dangers on the road, he is not permitted to proceed farther, and 
finds himself obliged to return, leaving there the sword and the 
errand with which he was encharged. Peru was at war with 
Colombia, without having declared it, and Colombia at peace and 
willing to cultivate friendship with Peru. 

The project of conquering a part of the territory with the aid 
of the Colombian troops being destroyed, the government of Peru 
does not however lose its hopes to effect it in another way. It 
undertakes for this purpose to form an army on the frontiers, and 
executes it with so much efficaciousness, as if it were very soon 
to open the campaign. It well considered that a similar step 
would alarm the government of Colombia, and thinking it might 
lull asleep its vigilance, it sent to it a Minister Plenipotentiary, 
without instructions or powers to conclude any thing, announcing 
that the object of his mission was to give satisfaction for the of- 
fences it had to complain of, and which the government of Peru 
imagined it had inflicted, without any remonstrance having been 
made to it. So great was its conviction that all its acts were 
hostile ! 

The government of Colombia was aware of the plot which 
was forming, and of the purpose for which this Minister was sent : 
but it admitted him notwithstanding in order to manifest to what 
degree its desires for peace and reconciliation had arrived. The 
grounds for complaint were exhibited to him, and the satisfaction 
which this government asked was pointed out to him ; and the 
Minister declared openly that he had no instructions to agree to 
a liquidation and payment of what Peru owes to Colombia in 
consequence of the supplies afforded to it, and to treat upon the 
restitution of the province of Taen and part of Mainas, which 
Peru has usurped ; he denied the convention, in virtue of which 



